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TOWHDBOWS 

REVISED  AND  IMPROVED 

TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY, 

OR  COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  THE  ART  OF  WRITING 


Founded  upon  the  most  Simple,  Comprehensive  and  Unerring 

Principles  of  representing  all  the  Essential  Elementary 

Sounds  of  the   English   Language   in    Stenographic 

Characters,   combinable  in  any   desired    order, 

without  raising  the  Pen. 


BY  THIS  METHOD  THE  EXACT  WORDS    OF    A    SPEAKER  MAY  BE  RECORDED 

AND  PRESERVED  IN  A  LEGIBLE  FORM,   SO  AS  TO  BE  READ  AT  ANY 

FUTURE  PERIOD  WITH  THE  GREATEST  EASE  AND  FACILITY. 


DESIGNED  ESPECIALLY  FOR  THE  USE  OF  SCHOOLS  AND  SELF-INSTRUCTION, 

By  T.  TOWNDROW, 

PROFESSIONAL  REPORTER    AND    TEACHER  OF  STENOGRAPHY. 


THE  COMMON,  DEFECTIVE  METHOD  OP  EXPRESSING  THE  VOWELS  BY  MEANS  OF  DE- 
TACHED MARKS,  IS  TOTALLY  IGNORED  IN  THIS  SYSTEM  ;  ALSO  THAT   OF  SHAD- 
ING SOME  CHARACTERS  TO  DISTINGUISH  THEM  FROM  OTHERS  OF  THE  SAME 
FORM.     THE  PRACTICE    OF  ASSIGNING  DIFFERENT  POSITIONS  TO  CHAR- 
ACTERS, t.  e.,  ABOVE,  ON  and  BELOW  THE  WRITING  LINE,  TO 

DENOTE   DIFFERENT  SIGNIFICATIONS  OF  THE  SAME  SIGNS,  IS 
LIKEWISE  ENTIRELY  REJECTED  IN  THIS  TREATISE. 


THE  TRADE   SUPPLIED   BY 

CHARLES     T.    DILLINGHAM, 

Successor  to  LEE,  SHEPABD  A 

No.  678  Broadway, 
NEW  YORK. 


Entered  According  to  Act  of  Congress,   in  the  Year  1886, 

By  THOMAS  TOWNDROW, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,   D.  C. 


TO 
JULIUS  ENSIGN  ROCKWELL    ESQ., 

AUTHOR  OF 

"THE  TEACHING    PRACTICE  AND  LITERATURE   OF  SHORT-HAND,' 

THIS  REVISED  AND  IMPROVED  EDITION 

OP  MY 

TEXT-BOOK  OP  STENOGRAPHY 
IS  MOST  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED. 

THOMAS  TOWNDROW. 
MOUNT  VERNON,  N.  Y.,  May  7, 1886. 


PREFACE. 


The  author  of  this  system  of  Short  Hand  Writing,  which  he  origi- 
nated fifty  years  ago,*  is  induced  to  place  before  the  public  a  new  and 
carefully  revised  edition  of  this  Text  Book,  embracing  such  additions 
and  improvements  as  have  been  suggested  by  constant  study  of  the 
subject,  practical  experience  as  a  teacher  of  the  Art,  and  as  a  profes- 
sional reporter  during  a  perio  1  of  more  than  forty  years. 

The  author  has  diligently  studied  to  render  this  system  of  Stenog. 

raphy  the  most  simple,  comprehensive  and  easy  of  acquirement,  and 

<n     when  written,  the  manuscript  shall  be  the  most  legible  of  any  of  the 

>-      various  known  methods;  and  if  anything  will  add  to  his  satisfaction 

it  will  ba  to  learn  that  he  has  succaecled  in  accomplishing  the  task, 

undertaken  at  the  same  time  in  exciting  a  greater  interest  for,  and 

extending  the  knowledge  of  a  science  of  such  exalted  utility. 

As  the  purchaser  of  this  text-book  may  probably  be  led  to  inquire 
55     what  are  ihs  advantages  which  the  author  claims  over  the  numerous 
^      other  publications  that  have  been  issued  on  the  same  subject,  he  will 
^      endeavor  to  point  out  in  as  brief  a  manner  as  possible,  some  of  the  dif- 
r»      ficul ties  that  have  been   encountered  by  those  who  have  acquired  or 
ttempted  to  acquire  proficiency  in  this   pleasi  ng  and  very  useful  ac- 
complishment, and  the  method  he  has  pursued  to  avoid  them, 
lii  One  of  the  impediments  which  has  considerably  retarded  the  prog 

§ress  and  success  of  those  who  have  paid  attention  to  the  study  of 
Short-Hand,  has  been  the  want  of  a  sufficient  quantity  of  exercises, 
for  practice  in  writing,  as  well  as  from  not  introducing  such  words  and 
sentences  as  are  best  suited  to  the  different  stages  of  advancement 
which  they  must  necessarily  go  through  to  attain  proficiency  in  any 
system. 

•  It  was  first  published  in  England  in  1834,  and  -subsequent  editions  were  is 
-  uc-J  the-,  o,  ana  in  the  United  States  in  1837, 1839, 1841  and  1843. 


448518 


VL  PREFACE. 

Another  objection  attributable  to  the  various  publications  designed 
for  self-instruction  is,  that  the  rules  and  directions  intended  as  a  guide 
to  the  learner,  are  very  seldom  expressed  in  terms  sufficiently  clear  to 
be  comprehended,  except  by  those  already  acquainted  with  the  Art. 
In  removing  these  objections,  the  author  hopes  that  hi?  efforts  have 
not  been  altogether  unsuccessful.  To  remedy  them  he  has  prepared 
a  complete  course  of  exercises,  as  practised  by  pupils  who  place 
themselves  under  his  instructions;  accompanied  by  such  explanations 
as  he  has  deemed  necessary  to  render  the  whole  easy  to  be  understood. 

The  third  and  greatest  evil  adopted  in  other  systems  of  Stenogra- 
phy, Phonography,  &c.,  is  their  defective  method  of  expressing  the 
vowels  by  detached  marks.  Some  express  the  initial  vowels  by  com- 
mencing the  formation  of  the  succeeding  consonant  from  the  position 
the  vowel  would  occupy  if  written,  as  in  the  word  item,  the  t  is  drawn 
from  V%  position.  In  most  cases  the  intermediate  vowels,  long  and 
short,  being  entirely  omitted. 

Mr.  Molineux,  in  his  modification  of  Byrom's  system,  represents 
all  the  vowels  by  a  dot,  to  which  he  assigns  five  distinct  places;  thus 
•/^>  when  preceding  a  semi-circle,  and  thus  ||  when  preceding  a  line  as 
in  'jot,  '[et,  -lit,  .{ of,  ,\  vt,  &c.  In  writing  the  word  moat^\f 
the  dot  representing  o,  is  made  somewhat  larger  than  that  for  a  to 
show  that  it  must  be  read  first.  When  succeeding  a  consonant  char- 
acter the  same  order  is  observed  in  denoting  the  vowels  as  in  '  ta, 
}•  te,f«  ti,  f  to,  and  /.  tu. 

Mr.  M.T.  C.  Gould,  formerly  of  Philadelphia,  in  his  abridgement 
of  Taylor's  system  of  Short- Hand,  also  represents  all  the  vowels  by  a 
single  point,  thereby  rendering  it  indispensably  necessary  in  writing 
some  words  for  the  pen  to  be  taken  off  the  paper  nearly  as  many  times 
as  the  number  of  letters  used  in  spelling  the  same;  as  may  be  observ- 
ed by  a  reference  to  the  above  work,  where  the  following,  and  many 
similar  examples  may  be  found:  ^.  fi  be-ol.l  for  behold;  •  V  cere  for 
every,  &c, 

Mr.  Gurney,  in  his  alphabet,  has  appropriated  characters  to  repre- 
sent the  vowels,  but  makes  use  of  them  only  when  standing  alone,  or 
when  joined  to  other  letters  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  ;  indeed,  their 
forms  are  such  as  would  scarcely  admit  of  their  being  introduced  in  any 
other  situation.  Mr.  G.  represents  the  vowels  when  in  the  middle  or 
at  the  end  of  a  word  in  the  following  manner :  "There  are  six  vowels," 
says  he,  "  viz,  a,  e,  i,  o,  u  a:id  y ;  when  they  end  words  they  are  ex- 


PREFACE.  Vll. 

pressed  by  dots  differently  placed,  viz,  a  and  e,  even  with  the.top  of  the 
letter,  i  and  y,  with  the  middle,  o  and  u  \*ith  the  bottom.  When  the 
vowel  does  not  end  the  word,  it  is  expressed  by  the  succeeding  con- 
sonant, i.  e  by  drawing  the  point  of  the  following  consonant  from  the 
place  which  the  vowel  wculd  have  occupied,  had  it  been  written  at  the 
end  of  a  word.  When  two  vowels  come  together,  the  first  must  be  ex- 
pressed by  .1  dot,  and  the  second  one  by  the  position  of  the  succeeding 
consonant,  thus  ^>.  /  po-et ;  v^/.  _  lion  ;"  &c. 

Several  of  the  diffculties  which  arise  from  the  practice  of  express- 
ing the  vowels  by  the  use  of  points,  &c.,  are  thus  correctly  exposed  by 
Mr.  Lewis  in  his  work  on  Stenography,  entitled  the  "Ready  Writer  or 
XE  PLUS  ULTRA  of  Short-Hand  :" 

"  I  have  seen  a  few  modern  systems.wherein  the  intermediate  vowels 
are  discarded,  and  a  single  point  only  retained  to  express  the  initial, 
and  final  vowels  :  this  point  is  directed  to  be  placed  just  in  the  centre 
of  the  line,  leaving  it  to  the  sagacity  of  the  reader,  to  find  out  which  of 
the  vowels  it  is  meant  to  represent.  And  moreover,  the  writer  is  di- 
rect ?d  to  ouiit  all  vowels  in  expeditious  writing,  and  leave  it  to  the 
context  to  supply  these  defects.  It  is  evident,  however,  that  these 
rules  must  tend  to  throw  the  greatest  obscurity  upon  the  writing  ;  and 
render  it  impossible  to  be  read  at  a  distance  of  time  ;  for  by  this  mode 
they  never  can  show  where  there  is  a  diphthong  omitted,  nor  give  the 
letters  of  it,  which  are  some  times  very  necessary  ;  no  technical  terms, 
no  names  of  persons,  places  or  things  can  be  written  in  it,  where  any 
vowels  must  intervene,  to  give  the  sense." 

"  The  only  reasons  I  can  conceive,  why  this  method  of  pointing  for 
the  vowels  has  been  so  universally  adopted,  are  the  want  of  a  proper  in- 
vestigation of  the  simple  marks  which  nature  affords,  or,  that  appar- 
ent conciseness  has  hitherto  been  taken  for  real  brevity.  Neverthe- 
less, it  i-<  obvious  that  those  marks  which  seem  to  occupy  the  least 
space,  are  not  always  in  reality,  the  shortest,  or  the  most  conducive  to 
expedition.  The  mode  of  expressing  the  vowels  therefore  by  means 
of  points  is  not  only  an  enemy  to  legibility,  but  is  also  calculated  to 
destroy  the  purpose  of  expedition.  This  will  appear  more  evident 
when  we  consider — 

FIRST.  That  if  the  pen  be  moved  to  the  right  or  to  the  left,  from 
a  dot  towards  a  stroke,  or  from  a  stroke  towards  a  dot,  it  describes  a 
Hne,  whether  that  line  be  visible  or  not,  thus  in  making  •{  ,  the  pen 
describes  the  character  ~]  in  writing  £  *  the  character  I/  ia  forming 


viii.  riiKFACE. 


2>.  in  making  xy|  the  figure  V^>"  etc- 

"  SECOXDLY.  That  as  the  motion  of  the  pen  from  point  to  point  is 
less  rapid,  because  less  direct,  through  the  air  than  upon  the  paper  it- 
self, there  is  as  much  time  lost  by  the  sudden  stop  and  taking  off  the 
pen,  passing  over  the  detached  space,  and  putting  it  down  again,  as  in 
the  formation  of  two  (and  often-times  of  three)  characters.  Thus  a 
detached  particle  occupies  as  much  time  in  writing,  as  if  the  word 
were  written  (by  characters)  at  full  length.  It  has  therefore  appeared 
absolutely  necessary  that  the  wicel  points,  so  predominant  in  otJier  sys. 
terns,  sliouU  be  entirely  rejected,  and  another  kind  of  substitute  provided 
for  them." 

It  certainly  appears  Tory  singular,  that  Mr.  Lewis,  after  so  clearly 
pointing  out  the  defects  of  other  systems  relative  to  the  method  of  ex- 
pressing the  vowels,  by  the  use  of  dots,  commas  and  other  detached 
marks,  should  himself,  in  a  great  measure,  run  into  the  very  same  er- 
ror; for  notwithstanding  his  forcible  remarks  on  the  subject,  Mr.  L. 
makes  use  of  a  Jot,  to  represent  the  first  two  vowels  a  and  e,  and  a. 
comma  to  represent  the  fourth  and  fifth  vowels  o  and  u  ;  thus  adopt- 
ing the  very  plan,  which,  to  use  his  own  words,  "should  ~be  entirely 
rejected.'" 

Again,  he  says,  "by  this  arrangement,  all  those  difficulties  and 
dislocations  already  mentioned,  in  expressing  the  vowels  in  order  to 
convey  the  sound  of  the  word,  are  avoided;"  his  practice,  however, 
exhibits  a  complete  contradiction,  for  in  his  specimen  of  the  Lord's 
Prayer,  he  places  the  vowels  e  and  o  near,  not  joined  to  the  consonants. 
Mr.  J.  G.  Cross,  author  of  the  Electric  Sho't-Ilaud,  in  alluding  to 
the  same  subject  says  "The  method  of  writing  words  by  a  consonant 
outline  with  disconnected  vowels,  each  of  which  must  be  repreented 
by  its  distinctive  dot  or  dash,  and  placed  with  exquisite  care  in  its 
proper  position  by  the  side  of  the  consonant  line,  requires  far  more 
thought,  and  is  more  tedious  than  the  writing  of  long-hand/' 

"And  not  only  because  the  vowels  cannot  be  written  connected 
with  each  other,  and  with  consonants,  but  because  of  their  being  mere 
dots  and  dashes;  no  contractions  which  may  be  applied  to  the  conson- 
ant lines  are  applicable  to  them.  Hence  in  the  more  rapid  styles  of 
phonography  the  vowels  are  quite  discarded.  Again  the  alternate 
shad*  and  hair-lines  of  the  phonographies  are  a  great  embarrassment 
to  rapid  writing,  which  the  reporter  can  surmount  only  by  discarding 
this  feature,  thus  rcutlcriiu;  his  writing  less  legible." 


B.  0.  BAFER 
LAWYER 

DALLAS,  TEXAS 


PREFACE. 


Mr.  Cross,  after  thus  condemning  the  practice  of 'assigning  three 
different  positions  to  denote  the  vowels  lias  adopted  /?«<?  different  posi- 
tions for  them,  thus  fa  '~s,  fe  ^,  fi  ^,  f  o  ^,  and  f  u  ^,  sa  ^,  se  ^,  si  -—, 
so^-,  and  su  v_x,  thus.  That  is  he  draws  the  consonant  character  from 
the  position  that  the  vowel  would  occupy  if  written,  a  being  two 
spaces  above  the  writing  line,  e  one  space  above,  i  on  the  line,  o  one 
space  below  the  writing  line  and  u  two  spaces  below. 

Prof.  Goldwin  Smith,  in  a  lecture  to  studeiits  at  Cornell  Universi- 
ty, said  :  <:  It  took  me  seven  years  to  perfect  myself  in  phonography, 
and  Mr.  Cross  makes  mention  of  a  young  man  of  ability  who  said  :  "  I 
have  written  phonography  three  years,  and  can  accomplish  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  words  a  minute,  but  I  cannot  read  it." 

Mr.  Alexander  H.  Thompson,  a  professional  short-hand  writer  and 
reporter  of  London,  in  alluding  to  the  work  of  Mr.  Pitman,  designates 
it  as  "A  method  of  so-called  short-hand,  containing  an  absurd  assem- 
blage of  strokes,  analogous  in  outline,  designed  to  represent  different 
consonants  by  variation  in  thickness.  That  individual  (Pitman)  is  also 
the  originator  of  a  visionary  scheme  for  changing  the  orthography  of 
the  English  language,  and  substituting  a  series  of  crab-shaped  char- 
acters to  represent  it." 

Mr.  Matthias  Levy,  short-hand  writer  of  Chancery  Lane,  London, 
in  speaking  of  Mr.  Pitman's  Phonographic  Alphabet,  says:  "It 
proves  to  be  the  English  language  transposed.  Thus  the  first  conson- 
ant is  2),  the  second  &,  third  t,  the  fourth  d,  and  so  on."  Having  settled 
the  alphabet,  he  proceeds  to  select  his  characters.  "  These  are  twelve 
in  number,  and  the  reader  will  bs  somewhat  surprised  to  find  that 
they  represent  twentv-one  consonants.  Of  these  twelve  marks,  nine 
represent  eighteen  consonants.  This  is  done  by  making  one-half  of 
the  eighteen  thin,  and  the  other  half  thick.  Thus  t  is  represented  by 
a  thin  stroke,  thus  1,  and  d  by  the  same  stroke  made  thicker,  thus  I. 
A  more  confused  method  could  not  well  be  devised.  It  is  full  of  dif- 
ficulty, and  must  entail  considerable  trouble  when  it  comes  to  berjad. 
*  *  *  The  mark  he  uses  for  the  consonant  </  is,  when  drawn  very 
small  and  written  detached,  made  to  do  service  for  the  sound  of  a  in 
"aZZ;"  the  sound  of  o  in  "ope,"  and  oo  in  "food."  Not  only  so,  but 
when  this  mark  is  thinned,  it  is  further  lugged  in  to  serve  for  the  sound 
of  oo  in  "foot,"  and  so  on  to  distraction. 

"A  downward  r  is  transformed,  by  thickening  it,  into  a  w  ;  a 
shrivelled  n  becomes  by  such  reduction  a  yu,  a  ye  and  a  yi      Further, 


X.  PRKFACK. 

these  three  latter  vowel  marks  (only  diminished  consonant  form?  after 
all-.  >hall,  if  we  make  them  a  shade  thicker,  immediately  squeal  out 
yah,  yeh,  yee,  you,  yj,  yoo,  to  be  answereJ  in  chorus  by  the  mannikin 
tit,  which,  when  dropped  in  different  positions,  chums  lustily  of  icah, 
weh,  wee ;  and  s  when  significantly  small,  ceases  to  sibilate  and  moans 
oat  wan,  wo,  woo.  No  wonder  such  a  system  of  writing  the  English 
language  should  evoke  something  bordering  on  eoat'in^t,  even  on  a 
moderate  inspection.  But  these  are  only  a  few  of  the  ludicrous,  or 
Humiliating,  as  you  please,  variations  which  Mr.  Pitnrin  pr»e*  forth  to 
his  plodding  pupils,  before  they  are  invited  to  draw  near  to  take  part 
in  the  prncipal  performance." 

Mr.  Gurney,  the  celebrated  Parliamentary  reporter,  says  that  "The 
practice  of  placing  a  character  above,  on  or  belnc  the  line,  and  also  of 
varying  it,  by  thickness,  or  length,  I  totally  expungo,  a-  ir  could  never 
"be  written  swiftly  with  any  tolerable  degree  of  precision." 

Mr.  Thomas  Anderson,  Parliamentary  re;x>rter.  Fellow  of  the 
Short-Hand  Society  of  London,  and  formerly  short-hand  writer  in  the 
•Glasgow  Law  Courts,  in  speaking  of  the  essentials  of  a  ir-to  1  -ystem  of 
short-hand  in  1SS2.  says  :  There  are  three  essentials  to  the  formation 
of  a  first-rate  system  of  short-hand,  *  *  *  first  there  should  be  the 
distinct  representation  of  every  letter  cf  the  alphabet— the  t-Jicelt  and  con- 
sonants alike.  Second,  the  u»e  of  tuch  markt  to  represent  the  voireh  at 
are  capable  ofbeinj  uritten  in  union  uith,  the  contort  ant  i— in-dead  • 
lated  ticks" 

"  It  is  an  evil  under  which  all  short-hand  systems  that  proceed  up- 
on the  principle  of  omitting  the  vowels,  or  upon  any  other  plan  of  dis- 
posing of  the  vowels  than  by  writing  them  are  doomed  to  labor." 

By  the  omission  of  vowels,  mistakes,  sometimes  of  a  serious, 
sometimes  of  an  amusing,  sometimes  of  an  amazing  kind  occur. 

Any  one  taking  a  long  speech,  according  to  such  system,  un'ess  lit- 
can  manage  to  put  in  the  vowels,  is  sure,  unless  he  has  an  extraordi- 
nary memory,  to  hesitate,  if  not  to  err  at  the  sta^geri:ig  outlines.  Ac 
cordingly,  a  sentence  which  was  spoken  "the  child  was  born  in  the 
street,  at  two  o'clock,"  became  after  being  phonographica'dy  meta- 
morphosed, "  the  child  was  bern.  '  I  consider,'  at  two  o'clock."  Any 
one  who  knows  Pitman's  system,  will  readily  understand  how  that  "on 
the  street,"  could  be  mistaken  for  "  I  consider."  In  another  case  a 
•witness  said  :  '•  The  pursuer  came  to  my  house  and  spoke  to  me  on  a 
Tuesday,''  which  was  reproduced  :  "  The  pursuer  came  to  my  house 


PRKFACK.  XI. 

and  spoke  to  me  on  the  outside."  In  another  case  a  party  was  de- 
svribed  by  the  witness  as  'Tunning  up  very  heated."  This  appeared 
in  the  notes  as  "  bare-headed."  Another  instance  is  given  by  Mr.  An- 
derson in  his  History  of  Short-Hand  :  "  The  chairman  of  a  well-known 
railway  company  happened  to  use  the  phrase  '  attacking  the  traffic  of 
other  companies,'  which  was  printed  as  '  taking  away  the  traffic  of 
other  companies.'  "  Remit  has  become  remedy,  condition  has  become 
doicn,  plain  has  bocooie  complain,  had  you  any  has  become  do  you  know 
Instances,  not  of  what  might  occur,  but  what  have  occurred,  as  in  real- 
it}-  did  the  foregoing,  might  be  multiplied,  if  it  were  considered  neces- 
sary to  demonstrate  that  the  words  of  a  language  can  never  be  ade- 
quately described  by  unvowelled  endeavors  to  depict  their  sounds  in 
any  such  way. 

Mr.  Dimbleby  mentions,  In  the  preface  to  his  Dictionary,  a  few  of 
the  troubles  and  difficulties  encountered  in  deciphering  notes  :  'I  know 
nothing  of  fishes,"  says  a  dowager  ;  "  I  know  nothing  official,"  tran- 
scribes the  phonographer.  "  Where  his  ashes  repose,"  said  LOR!  Bea- 
consfield  on  one  occasion,  "  Where  his  isssue  lives,"  transcribed  the 
phonographer,  but  unmemoried  reporter.  "  Your  application,"  says 
Mr.  Forster.to  an  Irish  deputation,  recently,  "is  based  on  two  grounds," 
"  bad  grounds,"  wrote  the  reporter,  the  same  Pitman  outline  standing 
for  both.  Now,  most  of  this  comes  of  the  want  of  characters  suitable 
for  joining  the  vowels  with  the  consonants. 

In  discussing  the  foregoing  axioms  in  detail,  Mr.  Anderson  says  : 
"  The  first  asserts  the  importance  of  the  vowels.  You  ought,  I  say,  to 
have  such  marks  for  them  as  C'm  be  formed  unitedly  with  the  conso- 
nants. The  other  plan,  as  you  all  know,  is  to  dot  them  in,  just  as  in 
'ong  hand  we  dot  our  '  i.'  That  in  many  cases  the  vowels  are  of  sub- 
ordinate consequence,  may  well  enough  be  admitted.  That  gener- 
ally, however,  they  are  of  the  utmost  importance,  can  scarcely  be  de- 
nied. This  is  specially  true  of  little  words,  and  the  exact  representa- 
tion of  little  words  is  of  infinite  value  in  the  reading  of  short-hand 
manuscript.  I>ut  suppose,  it  is  argued,  that  the  omission  of  vowels 
does  not  greatly  matter,  1  would  remind  3-011  of  the  immense  difficulty 
the  learner  has  to  face  when  you  require  him  to  tell  from  one  and  the 
same  outline,  whether  any,  aad  which,  of  the  following  words  is  in- 
tended  :  gnat,  neat,  knight,  aunt,  note,  Annette, untie,  naughty,  unto, 
night,  knout,  knot,  nut,  net,  not,  unity,  naught,  nought,  unit,  and  so 
forth.  *  *  *  The  nearer  you  approach  to  an  individual  represent- 


Xii.  PREFACE. 

ation  for  each  word,  the  clearer  does  your  writing  become,  and  that  it 
is  always  a  risky  thing  to  allow  an  outline  Avhich  may  stand  for  half  a 
dozen  words  or  more  to  pass  undistinguished  from  the  rest  by  some 
particular  mark  or  another.  If  we  write  this  sentence  :  '•'  Is  there  any 
end  of  these  improvements  ?'  omitting  the  vowels,  then  from  the 
writing  itself  there  is  no  means  of  deciding  whether  the  words  are  : 
'  Is  there  any  need  of  these  improvements?  '  This  is  only  a  supposed 
case  of  conflict.  But  I  can  give  an  actual  example  which  recently  O'> 
curred.  An  official  note  taken  in  the  Law  Courts  mentioned  to  me 
the  following  instance  :  "  I,"  said  he,  "dictated  to  one  of  my  assistants 
in  the  course  of  a  speech,  these  words  :  '  Nature  is  not  so  kind.'  Ima- 
gine my  feslings  when  in  this  gentleman's  transcript  I  read  my  pas- 
sage thus:  'Common  sand  is  gone.'  "  This  instance  affords,  so  far,  a 
justification  of  the  accuracy  of  our  first  rule,  requiring  the  depiction 
of  vowels  and  consonants  alike,  and  looked  at  with  reference  to  the 
similarity  of  the  outlines  for  "  gone"  and  "  kind,"  it  may  also  be  re- 
garded as  bearing  out  the  alternative  part  of  that  first  axiom  that  for 
every  letter  of  the  common  alphabet  there  ought  to  be  a  short-hand 
equivalent." 

"  With  reference  to  the  fourth  proposition  I  have  advanced,  which 
is,  that  there  should  be  only  one  line  of  writing,  or,  to  express  the 
same  thing  differently,  that  the  practice  of  giving  to  marks  divers  signi- 
fications by  placing  them  on,  above  or  below  the  line,  is  a  practice 
that  ought  to  be  discarded  in  any  good  system  of  short-hand.'' 

Mr.  Anderson,  in  an  address  delivered  by  him  before  his  Fellow- 
Members  of  the  London  Short-Hand  Society,  on  the  subject  of  Short- 
hand writing,  says  : 

"  The  alphabet  of  a  good  short-hand  system  must  include  inde- 
pendent characters  for  the  vowels,  which  characters  must  be  adapted 
for  writing  in  union  with  the  forms  for  the  consonants  ;  in  other  words, 
every  letter  of  the  common  alphabet  must  have  a  special  and  distinct- 
ive short-hand  mark.  No  distinction  of  letters  made  thick  from  let- 
ters made  thin  is  admissible.  There  must  be  only  one  line  of  writing. 
The  rules  for  abbreviation  in  a  good  system  of  short-hand  must  be 
sure,  comprehensive,  and  few." 

To  all  of  the  above  propositions,  I  say,  Amen. 

"The  confusion,  the  multiplicity  of  characters,  the  variety  of 
sounds,  all  lend  to  one  conclusion  that  this  (Pitman's),  is  one  of  the 
most  ill  constructed  and  deficient  systems  ever  invented.  Notwith- 


PREFACE.  XJii. 

standing  its  defects,  thousands  are  said  to  have  learned  it.  But  we 
cannot  alter  our  opinion,  and  phonography,  we  think,  with  its  ambi- 
tious object  is  a  failure.  *  *  *  We  wish  to  speak  with  every  re- 
spect of  this  system  :  it  is  used  at  the  present  day,  and  that  is  the  ut- 
most that  can  possibly  be  said  in  its  favor  ;  but  we  contend  that  popu- 
larity is  no  test  of  merit.  '  Jim  Crow  '  was  popular,  but  few  will  ven- 
ture to  say  it  had  any  merit." 

Wilhelm  Stolze,  of  Berlin,  one  of  the  most  eminent  authorities  on 
short-hand  has  said  "  A  system  of  short-hand  which  is  to  serve  at  the 
same  time  for  correspondence  and  commerce  must  be  precise,  that  is  to 
say,  it  must  perfectly  render  the  sound  of  every  word." 

C.  P.  Newton,  formerly  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Stenogra- 
phy, in  Norwich  University,  in  his  treatise  on  short-hand,  truly  re- 
marks:  1st.  All  the  simple  sounds  of  any  language  should  be  denoted 
by  the  shortest  and  most  simple  marks  in  nature.  2cl.  Those  marks 
which  are  the  most  easily  formed,  should  be  assigned  to  the  sounds  of 
the  most  frequent  occurrence.  3d.  The  sounds  most  frequently  com- 
bined in  pronunciation  should  be  denoted  by  those  characters  which 
are  most  easily  joined  by  the  pen.  4th.  All  the  marks  of  which  a 
word  may  be  composed,  should  generally  be  written  without  taking 
off  the  pen."  "  Each  character  or  letter  of  the  alphabet  may,  when 
standing  alone,  represent  the  most  common  words,  of  which  it  is  the 
incipient  sound." 

Mr.  George  R.  Bishop,  one  of  the  most  accomplished  short-hand 
writers  in  this  country,  who  now  fills  the  important  position  of  official 
reporter  of  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  and  has  had  the  honor  of 
being  elected  President  of  the  Law  Stenographers'  Association  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  also  of  the  New  York  State  Stenographers'  Associ. 
ation,  in  a  conversation  with  me  some  time  ago,  remarked,  that  the 
system  of  short-hand  which  embodied  a  method  of  representing  the 
vowel  and  diphthongal  sounds,  corresponding  i  i  general  characteris- 
tics with  the  consonants,  and  adapted  in  their  form  to  be  as  readily 
and  distinctively  joined  with  them,  would  becoms  the  system  of  the 
future  ;  and  as  a  proof  of  his  sincerity  in  the  mattar,  he  has  since  pub- 
lished a  modified  outline  of  phonography,  carrying  out  his  views. 

I  desire  no  better  authority  than  that  of  Mr.  Bishop;  in  fact,  I 
could  have  none,  as  to  the  correctness  and  wisdom  of  the  course  1 
pursued  fifty-two  years  ago;  for  it  must  be  evident  to  every  one  who 
will  reflect  for  a  moment,  in  regard  to  the  embarrassment  which  the 


Xiv.  PRKFACK. 

change  must  have  caused  him  in  the  performance  of  his  professional 
dutiesj  and  that  he  would  not  have  attempted  it  with  a  clear  compre- 
hension of  the  consequences  that  would  ensue,  had  he  not  been  fully 
convinced  of  the  ultimate  advantages  to  be  derived  therefrom,  but  the 
host  of  individuals  who  have  been  engaged  in  doctoring  Pitman's  sys- 
tem, or  in  other  words,  trying  to  remedy  its  defects  for  more  than 
thirty  years,  and  still  admit  its  various  Imperfections,  are  too  deeply 
involved  in  a  pecuniary  point  of  view  on  one  hand,  and  prejudice  on 
the  other  to  abandon  and  repudiate  that  which  they  have  so  long  ad- 
vocated as  the  Ne  Plus  Ultra  of  Short-Hand,  and  which  could  not  be 
done  without  destroying  the  value  of  their  respective  publications,  and 
temporarily  suspending  their  professional  duties  as  teachers. 

The  greatest  impediment  of  all  to  the  progress  and  ultimate  suc- 
cess of  pupils,  has  been  the  difficulty  experienced  by  learners  in  read- 
ing their  Short-Hand  manuscript  notes.  This  draw-back  has  undoubt- 
edly been  owing  to  the  omission  of  intermediate  vowel,  and  diphthong- 
al sounds  in  words  where  they  are  of  the  utmost  importance  to  ren- 
der them  legible;  for  instance:  st  according  to  the  practice  of  phonogra 
phers,  would  be  written  for  sat,  set,  seat,  sit,  cite,  site,  sight,  sot,  soot, 
suit,  suet  and  sought,  twelve  different  words,  while  nt  would  be  writ- 
ten for  gnat,  net,  neat,  nit,  knit,  knight,  night,  knot,  not,  note,  nut, 
naught,  into,  nnto  and  various  other  words.  Sn  would  be  written  to 
express  sane,  seen,  scene,  seine,  sign,  scion,  sine,  sin.  son,  soon,  sun 
and  so  on  with  the  rest  of  their  manuscript.  Is  it  then  to  be  wondered 
at,  that  some  queer  mistakes  should  be  made  in  deciphering  short- 
hand manuscript,  written  upon  such  a  system  as  Pitman's  ? 

Another  illustration,  a  very  striking  one  of  this  defective  method 
of  expressing  the  vowels  by  position  of  the  consonants,  by  detached 
marks,  or  by  omitting  them  almost  entirely,  is  given  by  Miss  Florence 
Ellis,  of  Boston,  in  a  contribution  to  D.  Scott  Browne's  Monthly  Pho- 
nographic Journal  of  December,  1884,  on  page  333.  She  says  :  "Did 
1  ever  make  mistakes  ?  Yes !  At  one  time  I  made  an  untruthful 
statement  that  a  certain  firm  had  stopped  'paying,'  when  in  reality 
the  firm  in  question  had  only  stopped  '  buying,'  and  were  on  as  good 
financial  footing  as  ever,  notwithstanding  my  effort  to  overthrow  them. 
I  then  realized  for  the  first  time  that  a  business  firm,  was  as  depend- 
ent upon  the  '  a  '  and  '  i  '  positions  of  an  inexperienced  short  hand 
writer,  as  upon  Bradstreet's  Commercial  Agency." 

I  claim  that  Pitman  and  other  self-styled  phonographers  fail  to 


PREFACE.  XV. 

practice  what  they  preach,  that  is,  writing  words  according  to  their 
respective  sounds,  as  I  propose  to  show.  For  instance,  some  of  them, 
write  gsU,  and  others  Tcslct  for  the  word  exact.  Some  write  ty&st  and  oth- 
ers Tcksst  for  co-exist.  Some  write  gstfc  and  others  Tcstk  for  exotic.  How 
nearly  the  examples  given  approximate  and  convey  to  the  mind  of 
those  who  attempt  to  read  such  manuscript,  the  sounds  of  the  words 
indicated,  the  readers  can  form  their  own  opinions.  Well  might  the 
young  man  of  ability,  referred  to  by  Mr.  Cross  elsewhere,  exclaim  : 
"  I  have  written  phonography  three  years,  and  can  note  down  one 
hundred  and  fifty  words  a  minute,  but  I  cannot  read  them." 

When  I  have  spoken  to  any  of  the  advocates  of  the  Pitman  sys- 
tem of  short-hand  in  regard  to  the  imperfect  manner  in  which  they 
express  a  large  proportion  of  the  words  they  write  by  omitting  the 
vowels  (for  instance  they  write pt  for  pat,  pet,  pit,  pot,  put, peat,  piet, 
poet,  pewit  and  pout),  they  would  reply  that  the  context  would  indi- 
cate which  was  intended.  But  suppose  that  two  or  three  of  the  pre- 
vious words,  also  as  many  of  the  succeedings  were  equally  as  defec- 
tively expressed,  it  would  be  rather  difficult  to  transcribe  the  notes  or 
even  find  out  what  the  matter  had  reference  to.  Each  reporter  would 
then  say,  "I  can  write  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  and  begin  to  show 
how  cleverly  he  could  insert  his  detached  representatives  of  the  omit- 
ted vowels"  but  when  required  to  draw  his  pen  from  the  terminal 
point  of  his  outline  to  each  of  the  detached  marks  in  the  order  he  made 
them,  he  would  almost  invariably  abandon  the  task. 

An  admirable  illustration  of  this  point  is  to  be  found  in  Pitman's 
Phonographic  Correspondent,  published  in  August  1853,  p.  115,  as  fol- 
lows :<X-^_BNow  after  writing  the  outline  of  the  word,  the  pen  has 
to  be  brought  back  from  the  terminal  point  of  such  outline,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  the  various  detached  marks  representing  the  vowels. 
A  score  more  of  similar  illustrations  may  be  found  in  a  brief  chapter 
on  the  Origin  and  History  of  Letters  in  the  periodical  quoted. 

Another  sample  of  Pitman's  simple  characters  I  find  in  the  same 

specimen  of  correspondence,  p.  116,  as  follows :  ^"V 

Now,  as  it  is  impossible  here  to  give  a  clear  illustration  of  the  out- 
lines and  detached  marks  of  each  word,  let  the  writer,  after  making, 
the  same  outlines  draw  his  pen  or  pencil  from  the  terminal  point  of 
each  outline  to  and  over  the  detached  marks  shown,  and  see  what  sort 
of  a  sign  or  combination  of  signs  he  has  obtained,  and  also  count  the 


Xvi.  PREFACE. 

various  motions  of  his  pen  or  pencil  lie  has  made  in  the  formation  of 
the  whole,  he  will  then  discover  how  deceptive  are  the  apparent  brevi- 
ty and  simplicity  of  such  detached  marks  in  denoting  the  vowel  and 
dipthongal  sounds. 

The  various  authors  which  1  have  quoted,  after  so  forcibly  ex- 
pressing their  condemnation  of  the  systems  of  Short-Hand  devisfl  by 
others,  it  seems  unaccountable  that  they  should  not  have  produced,  or 
suggested  some  thing  more  simple,  and  practicable,  at  the  same  time 
render  tb.3  reading  of  the  manuscript  perfectly  easy  ;  yet  as  far  as  is 
known,  but  few  have  attempted  to  remedy  the  defects  alluded  t  >,  they 
have  gone  along  in  their  old  beaten  tracks. 

I  do  noi  travel  out  of  my  way  to  carry  out  an  idea,  or  piinciple, 
and  spell  q  and  x  ;  I  find  both  q  and  x  too  useful,  I  may  say  too  im- 
portant to  be  cast  aside.  Everybody  of  the  most  ordinal y  intellect 
when  they  see  a  sign  or  wagon  bearing  the  letters  xprs,  know  very 
well  that  they  denote  the  word  express ;  but  rj*pn  or  ktprs  displayed  in 
the  same  situations  ;  would  probably  puzzle  the  observer,  to  arrive  at 
their  signification,  unless  he  should  have  gone  through  the  wall,  weh, 
icoo,  wan,  or  the  yah,  yell,  yau,  yoo  exercises.  Again  I  think  that  *fqr> 
does  very  well  for  secure,  l-o-q  s\un  for  elocution,  a-pos,  for  expose,  <fcc. 

A  well  known  official  reporter  of  this  city  (Xew  York), who  h  id  ex- 
pressed an  unfavorable  opinion  of  my  system  of  Short  Hand,  on  ac- 
count of  a  few  words  written  in  it  appearing  to  be  more  complicated 
and  requiring  more  motions  of  the  pen  than  Pitman's  phonography, 
met  with  a  young  pupil  of  mine  who  had  taken  lessons  at  irregular  in- 
tervals during  a  period  of  three  months,  and  for  several  weeks  had  re- 
ceived no  instruction  in  consequence  of  my  own  inability  to  give  les- 
sons. Altogether,  she  had  not  received  ten  hours'  instruction  from  me. 
My  friend,  the  disciple  of  Pitman,  found  that  my  young  pupil  could 
then  write  sixty  words  a  minute  ;  but  his  surprise  was  the  greatest, 
when  she  read  her  manuscript  notes  of  what  lie  had  dictated,  with  as 
much  ease,  as  he  confessed  that  h'e  was  enabled  to  do  himself  after 
eighteen  months'  application  to  the  study  ;  and  the  same  gentleman 
subsequently,  expressed  to  me  his  convictions,  that  my  system  was  the 
most  legible  one  in  the  world. 

Now  as  the  phonographers  are  greatly  dependent  upon  the  use  of 
lines,  by  which  they  determine  the  signification  of  a  dot,  comma  or 
other  mark,  intended  to  represent  a  vowel,  as  well  as  by  the  posi- 
tion of  a  consonant  ri  relation  to  a  line,  as  to  what  vowel  precedes  or 


PREFACE.  xvil 

follows  the  consonant  character  so  assigned  to  a  particular  position 
above,  on,  or  below  the  line,  I  ask  what  would  the  reporter  using  Pit- 
man's system  do,  who  is  sent  to  note  down  all  that  is  said  and  done  at 
a  public  meeting  held  in  a  badly-lighted  hall,  and  where  for  motives 
of  policy  he  has  to  take  a  back  seat,  and  where  his  guiding  lines  could 
not  be  seen  ? 

Some  of  my  phonographic  friends  may  raise  objections  to  the  use 
of  my  natural  or  suggestive  signs  for  particular  words  or  phrases  ;  also 
to  my  modes  of  abbreviating  many  words  of  frequent  occurrence,  and 
expressing  other  words  by  the  alphabetical  signs  with  certain  simple 
marks  annexed,  on  the  pica  that  I  am  introducing  too  many  of  them. 
It  is  true  that  I  express  about  eighteen  hundred  words  by  (six)  hun- 
dred signs,  each  expressing  on  an  average  three  words  of  the  same 
family, or  in  other  words  denote  a  primitive  word  and  all  its  derivitives, 
as  Fluctuate,  fluctuated,  fluctuating  and  fluctuation.  Excommnnisate, 
excommunicated,  excommunicating  and  excommunication,  the  context 
readily  pointing  out  the  word  intended,  so  that  by  learning  the  three 
hundred  simple  signs  with  as  many  primitive  words  you  have  the  key 
to  the  eighteen  hundred  words  denoted  thereby.  While  one  teacher 
who  has  acquired  considerable  popularity  as  an  author  and  instructor 
of  phonography,  it  is  understood,  calls  upon  his  pupils  to  study  three 
thousand  arbitrary  signs. 

Every  one  who  is  about  to  engage  in  the  stuly  of  Short- Hand  is 
naturally  inclined  to  ask  not  only  which  is  the  best  system,  and  most 
easily  acquired,  but  also  which  is  the  most  practical  method  of  learning 
it.  I  shall  therefore  offer  a  few  suggestions  and  hints,  Avhich  cannot 
fail  to  be  of  great  advantage,  if  they  are  properly  considered  and  fol- 
lowed. 

Let  it  be  remembered  that  when  you  are  writing  a  letter  or  com- 
munication of  any  kind,  ideas  are  dotted  down,  or  in  other  words  How 
from  your  pen,  mechanically  as  it  were,  without  a  thought  as  to  the 
spelling  of  the  common-place  words  used.  It  is  only  words  of  infrequent 
occurrence  that  cause  you  to  hesitate  a  moment,  in  noting  them  down. 
Why  is  this  the  case?  The  question  is  easily  answered.  The  hundreds, 
if  not  thousands  of  times  that  you  may  have  written  the  common-place 
words  which  composed  the  principal  portion  of  your  letter  or  commu- 
nication,have  rendered  their  respective  fo  m?  so  familiar  that  they  re- 
quire no  effort  of  the  memory  in  their  future  application. 

The  author, therefore,  takes  it  for  granted  that  every  one  who  ha? 


KViii  PREFACE. 

occasion  to  write  considerable  will  freely  admit  this  fact.  That  being 
so,  it  is  reasonably  claimed  that  it  is  equally  the  case  in  Short-Hand 
writing.  Hence  the  aim  of  the  author,  when  teaching  the  art,  has 
been  to  direct  the  attention  of  the  student  to  a  limited  number  of  char- 
acters or  signs  at  a  time,  whether  representing  letters,  sounds,  syl- 
lables or  words,  with  such  explanatory  remarks  as  might  seem  neces- 
sary, and  then  by  requiring  such  a  repetition  of  the  same  in  exercises 
prepared  or  selected  for  the  purpose,  fix  them  so  indelibly  upon  the 
memory,  that  no  further  instruction  or  study  is  necessary. 

Some  persons  may  ask  and  very  naturally  so,  if  this  system  of 
Short-Hand  is  so  much  superior,  and  more  readily  acquired  than  any 
other,  why  has  it  not  become  more  generally  known  and  practiced. 
That  question  is  easily  answered  as  follows  :  On  entering  into  a  con- 
tract with  a  linn  in  New  York,  in  1841,  to  publish  my  Guide  to  Short- 
Hand,  in  order  to  protect  my  interest  in  the  copyright,  I  bound  them 
to  insert  in  each  copy,  a  certain  check  plate  engraving,  furnished  by 
me.  This  condition  of  the  contract  made,  they  openly  violated  ;  thus 
defrauding  me  of  the  royalty  to  which  1  was  entitled  ;  therefore  rath- 
er than  let  the  firm  have  the  satisfaction  of  reaping  all  the  benefit  to 
be  derived  from  the  publication  of  the  book,  I  decided  to  abandon 
the  profession  of  teaching  Short-Hand  and  engage  in  journalistic  re- 
porting, which  I  have  since  actively  and  successfully  followed,  leav- 
ing the  demand  for  my  text-book  to  die  out,  as  it  did. 

Believing,  however,  that  my  labor  in  the  field  of  Short-Hand  writ- 
ing has  resulted  in  greatly  simplifying  the  art  and  bringing  its  acquisi- 
tion within  the  reach  of  all  persons  of  ordinary  intelligence,  at  the 
same  time  rendering  the  manuscript  perfectly  legible  at  any  future 
period,  I  naturally  desire  that  whatever  conceded  merits  my  system 
may  possess,  shall  be  placed  on  record. 

Then,  again,  I  may  be  allowed  to  state  that  within  the  last  two 
years  I  have  received  numerous  applications  for  copies  of  my  Guide 
to  the  art;  also  for  special  information  and  instruction  in  regard  to 
my  method  of  expressing  the  vowel  and  diphthongal  sounds.  Under 
these  circumstances  I  have  been  induced  to  undertake  a  complete  re- 
vision of  my  Text-Book, last  issued  in  1843,  and  embody  therein  a  nu:n- 
ber  of  suggestions  in  regard  to  a  new  application  of  the  alphebet'uvil 
characters  as  word  feigns,  and  other  modes  of  abbreviation,  wliich.  ic 
is  thought,  will  be  appreciated  alike  by  all  reporters  and  u-u-.-ii^:--  <>;' 
Short-Hand. 


PREFACE.  XIX 

I  would  here  take  occasion  to  remark  that  in  1826,  then  at  the  age 
of  sixteen  years,  I  learned  Harding's  system  of  Short  Hand,  a  modifi- 
cation of  Taylor's,  which  I  practiced  for  my  own  amusement  arid  con- 
venience, for  over  two  years,  when  I  was  persuaded  by  a  companion 
to  take  lessons  with  him  in  the  system  invented  and  taught  by  Mr. 
James  Henry  Lewis,  of  London.  His  alphabetical  signs  appeared  to 
be  remarkably  simple,  but  the  change  I  made  was  a  great  mistake,  for 
I  had  sacrificed  comparative  legibility  for  apparent  brevity. 

The  adoption  of  a  very  small  circle  or  ring  to  represent  s,  so  great- 
ly reduced  the  number  of  distinctive  simple  characters  attainable,  that 
it  became  necessary  to  represent  /and  v  by  the  same  sign,  g  and  j  by 
by  the  same  sign,  also  To  and  q  by  the  same  sign  ;  while  other  letters 
were  represented  by  characters,  which,  when  written  in  combination 
with  some  others,  were  liable  to  be  mistaken,  and  thus  occasion  great 
difficulty  in  deciphering  the  manuscript. 

Then  again  he  had  no  characters  to  represent  a,  e,  o,  and  u,  that 
could  be  combined  with  the  consonants,  while  the  sound  of  a,  au,  aw, 
and  ou  in  fall,  talk,taught,  draw,bought  and  thought ;  oi  and  oy  in  soil 
and  toy  ;  oo  in  moon,  pool,  poor,  &c.,ou  and  ow  in  thou,  now,  town.  &c. 
were  completely  ignored. 

These  imperfections  presented  themselves  so  forcibly  to  my  mhid 
that  in  the  Spring  of  1833  I  adopted  characters  to  represent  the  vowels 
referred  to,  and  introduced  them  in  my  Stenographic  Olio,  published 
by  Lilly,  Wait,  Colman  &  Holden,  of  Boston. 

Although  I  had  selected  the  best  characters  available  for  the  pur- 
pose, I  was  far  tfrom  being  satisfied  with  the  result,  and  believing 
in  a  more  thorough  reform  in  that  direction,  I  cast  all  the  old  aside, 
struck  a  new  departure  in  regard  to  the  representation  of  the  vowel 
and  diphthongal  sounds,  by  characters  which  can  be  readily  combined 
with  the  consonants  in  any  order  desired, and  thus  laid  the  foundation 
of  my  present  system,  which  I  flatter  myself  will  compare  favorably 
with  any  and  all  others  which  have  yet  been  presented  to  the  public, 
either  here  or  elsewhere. 

To  obviate  the  many  objections  and  difficulties  attending  the 
method  of  expressing  the  vowels  by  means  of  detached  marks,  the 
author  of  this  Text-Book  lias  provided  another  kind  of  substitute  :  con- 
sisting of  a  series  of  simple  characters,  distinctive  in  form,  and  which 
are  easily  combined  with  any  other  letter  without  lifting  the  pen,  and 
which  not  only  represent  the  vowels  and  diphthongs,  in  any  order  re- 


quired,  but  with  a  very  few  unimportant  exceptions,  such  as  the  dif- 
ference between  o  in  not  and  oin  nor ;  or  uin.'but  and  uin.'buU;  are  also 
capable  of  conveying  to  the  mind  of  the  reader  the  exact  sounus  of 
wo'ds  uttered  by  a  speaker. 

There  are  five  distinct  directions  in  which  a  single  straight  line  can 
be  drawn,  viz  :  the  horizontal  line  drawn  from  left  to  right,  thus  — ,  the 
perpendicular  line  drawn  down  thus  |  ;  the  oblique  drawn  down  f ronx 

left  to  right  thus     \  ;    the  oblique   drawn  down  from  right  to  left, 

/  ;  and  the  oblique  made  by  an  up  stroke  from  left  to  right,thus  /  . 
These  correspond  in  number  with  the  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  and  u;  and  to- 
each  of  the  above  simple  lines,  I  prefix  a  very  small  circle  or  ring,  and 

assign  them  to  represent  the  vowels  as  follows :  *j  or  P  for  a;  °\ 
o  ^x  for  e;  °~*  or  <*—  for  i;  /  or  «/  for  o;  and  ?  or  /°  for  u, 
then,  by  enlarging  the  size  of  the  circle  or  ring,  thus:  ^  ,  p  ,  ^ 

X,(7~>  tGiO^i'i  ">  I  obtain  distinctive  characters  to  repre- 
sent the  long  Italian  sound  of  a  in  ba,  balm,  calm,  palm,  &c.,  the  broad 
German  sound  of  a  in  fall,  and  hall,  au  in  caught,  and  taught,  aw  in 
brawl,  thaw,  and  ou  in  brought,  thought,  &c.,  oi  in  boil,  boy,  toil,  &c.. 
and  ou  and  ow  in  doubt,  pout,  now,  town,  &c. 

The  following  marks  .-|  \  /  v  A  <  >  £  :>  n  ^  are  commonly 
employed  by  the  self-styled  phonographers  to  denote  the  vowels  and 
diphthongs,  in  their  correspondence  style  of  writing,  but  are  generally 
omitted  in  making  their  reports. 

Although  my  vowel  and  diphthongal  characters  may  appear  to  be 
more  difficult  of  formation  and  occupy  more  space  than  the  detached 
marks  used  by  Pitman  and  others,  I  claim  facility  of  formation  and 
legibility  of  manuscript  over  them  all. 

As  some  of  my  professional  opponents  when  alluding  to  my 
method  of  expressing  the  vowel  and  diphthongal  sounds, have  remark- 
ed, "  that  is  all  very  fine,"  but  at  the  same  time  insinuated  that  it  would 
be  impossible  to  report  correctly  the  language  of  a  public  speaker  by 
such  a  system  of  Short-Hand,  I  would  state  that  when  Dr.  Dionysius 
Lardner,  an  eminent  British  writer  on  physical  science,  visited  the 
United  States  in  1840,  and  during  a  subsequent  sojourn  in  the  city  of 
Xew  York,  I  was  assigned  by  Mr.  Thoiuis  McSlrath,  tlren  a  partner 
of  Mr.  Greeley  in  establishing  the  FRIBUXK,  to  take  <lo'.v:i  a  ser'cs  of 


PREFACE. 

D-.  Larclner's  scientific  lectures  from  dictation,  the  most  difficult  kind 
of  reportorial  work,  and  those  lectures  were  published  in  book  form. 
I  would  also  respectfully  request  those  phonographers  who  disbelieve 
or  affect  to  disbelieve  that  this  system  of  Short-Hand  can  be  success- 
fully practiced  by  a  professional  reporter,to  peruse  the  following  com- 
plimentary acknowledgement  of  my  abilities  in  that  line,  nearly  forty 
years  ago,  and  then  refer  to  the  New  York  Herald,  of  Sunday,  June 
18th,  1848,  page  2,  columns  4,  5  and  6,  where  the  result  of  my  labors 
in  reporting  the  address  delivered  by  the  Hon.  Ashbel  Smith,  President 
of  the  Visiting  Committee  at  the  annual  examination  at  the  U.  S.  Mil- 
itary Academy,  West  Point,  occupying  two  columns  am}  three  quar- 
ters, set  solid  in  fine  type  (Nonpareil)  may  be  found. 

T.  TOWNDROW,  ESQ., 

DEAR  SIR  :— I  read  your  report  of  my  address  at  West  Point, and 
was  much  pleased  at  its  accuracy.  The  gentlemen  of  the  graduating 
class  have  asked  me  for  a  copy  for  publication  in  a  pamphlet  form.  I 
am  at  Jullien's  Hotel  near  Washington  Square,  where  I  shall  be  hap- 
py to  see  you  if  convenient. 

Col.  Childs  arrived  at  West  Point  this  morning  to  preside  over 
the  Court  Martial  which  is  about  to  set  there. 

Very  Truly,  Yours, 
NEW  YORK,  June  19th,  1848.  ASHBEL  SMITH. 

Having,as  I  believe,  fairly  set  forth  the  views  of  many  distinguish- 
ed professional  Short-Hand  Writers,  Authors  and  Teachers  on  the 
defects  of  the  Pitman  and  kindred  systems  of  phonography,  as  well 
as  to  wha.t  they  consider  the  "  Essentials  of  a  Good  System,"  I  would 
respectfully  submit  the  present  Text  Book  of  my  system  for  their 
consideration  and  judgment — -approval  or  condemnation. 

THOMAS  TOWNDROW. 
.RESIDENCE.  MOUNT  VERNON,  WESTCHESTER  Co.,  N.  Y. 


TESTIMONIALS. 


The  author  begs  leave  to  present  the  following  Testimonials  to 
;'ie  favorable  notice  of  an  enlightened  community.  The  following 
3  icomium  is  from  the  pen  of  Andrew  Hunter.  A.  M.,  late  of  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  practised  the  science  of  Stenography  for  upwards  of 
;wenty  years,  and  who  is  the  author  of  a  work  on  the  same  subject. 

MANCHESTER,  March  20th,  1837. 
SIR: 

1  have  had  much  pleasure  in  perusing  your  Complete  GuidH  to 
the  Art  of  Short  Hand  Writing  ;  it  is  neatly  and  tastefully  executed  ; 
your  remarks  on  the  science,  are  the  dictates  of  a  sound  mind,  result- 
ing from  much  experience  as  a  teacher  of  the  Art ;  the  method  and 
order  which  you  have  shown  in  the  arrangement  and  distribution  of 
your  materials,  evinces  in  a  high  high  degree,  that  you  have  fully  un- 
derstood your  subject.  The  characters  you  have  chosen  to  represent 
the  vowel  and  diphthongal  sounds,  are  admirably  easy  to  join  with  the 
various  consonants  with  which  they  may  chance  to  be  connected,  while 
at  the  same  time  they  mark  with  such  precision  the  direct  sound  of  the 
words,  so  as  to  render  the  reading  of  the  Stenographic  manuscript 
both  easy  and  accurate. 

In  conclusion,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  giving  it  as  my  opinion, 
that  it  forms  the  most  complete  work  of  the  kind  ever  presented  to  a 
discerning  public. 

(With  hearty  wishes  for  your  future  success  and  prosperity 
I  am,  Sir, 
Your  obedient  servant.) 

ANDREW  HUNTER,  A.  M. 

PROM  THE  MANCHESTER  TIMES. 

"There  are  few  persons  of  intelligence  who  are  not  ready  to  ac- 
knowledge the  pleasures  and  advantages  to  be  derived  from  the  prac- 
tice of  Short- Hand.  We,  who  may  iay  some  claim  to  an  experimental 
knowledge  of  the  science,  can  pronounce  it  to  be  one  of  the  very  best 
methods  of  imparting  a  useful  versatility  to  the  mind,  and  of  inuring 
it  to  quick  and  correct  apprehension.  We  recollect  many  occasions, 
when  i-i  the  exercise  of  our  duties,  we  have  h:i  1  to  attiM  I  i  )  the  same 


TESTIMONIALS.  xxiii 

day,  and  in  rapid  succession,  to  matters  legal,  political,  scientific,  di- 
vine, ai'.d  an  immensity  of  others  too  miscellaneous  to  be  classified. 
These  we  have  in  various  ways,  given  to  the  public  by  means  of  Short- 
Hand  /  and  can  any  one  deny  that  exercise  of  this  kind  will 'fail  to  in- 
duce quickness  of  perception,  and  the  power  to  turn  the  mind  to  suf- 
ficient objects  unconscious  of  an  effort  ?'' 

"The  question  then  is,  which  Stenographic  system  is  the  best,  and 
which  is  the  shortest,  and  to  be  acquired  with  least  trouble  ?  This  is  a 
problem  we  rea'ly  cannot  undertake  to  solve  ;  there  is  no  royal  road 
to  Short-Hand,  even  with  the  most  perfect  system.  Byrom's  is  remark- 
able for  beauty .legibility,  and  conciseness.  That  of  Mr.  To\vndro\v,au 
eminent  teacher,  seems  both  legible,  concise,  and  easy  to  be  acquired  ; 
inasmuch  as  he  reduces  the  science  to  its  simplest  elements,  and  then 
proceeds  gradually.  Mr.  T.  has  an  advantage  over  every  other  sys- 
tem we  have  yet  seen,  in  the  precision  and  certainty  with  which  the 
different  sounds  are  noted  ;  and  in  the  hands  of  a  good  writer  we 
think  this  system  may  be  rendered  as  beautiful  to  the  eye  as  any  we 
are  acquainted  with,  and  altogether,  as  Stenographers,  we  may  safely 
recommend  it  to  the  public." 

DERBYSHIRE  COURIER. 

A  neat  little  volume,  professing  to  be  a  complete  guide  to  the  Art 
of  writing  Short-Hand,  or  an  entirely  new  and  coaiprehensive  system 
of  representing  the  elementary  sounds  ef  the  English  language  in 
Stenographic  characters,  has  been  published  by  Mr.  Towndrow,  Pro- 
fessor and  Teacher  of  the  Art.  The  principal  feature  of  this  treatise 
is  its  originality  ii  giving  distinct  characters  to  express  the  various 
tones  of  our  native  tongue,  and  from  the  high  degree  of  J  conciseness 
with  which  this  object  is  accomplished,  and  its  perfect  and  easy  amal- 
gamation with  the  other  parts  of  the  system.  The  operation  of  writ- 
ing is  advantageously  condensed,  and  an  increased  facility  afforded  of 
committing  t.o  paper  the  eloquence  of  the  orator.  The  system  is  ex- 
ceeding! 3-  st'i:n;)li.i(!;l  in  its  details,  capable  of  being  acquired  with  com- 
paratively U;tle  application,  and  in  practice  will,  we  believe,  be  found 
to  work  \vc',!.  It  is  decidedly  superior  to  all  system  of  Stenography 
with  whie'i  -v  '  ;i;->>  at  present  acquainted. 

SHEFFIELD  IRIS. 

We  have  given  the  system  of  Stenography  invented  and  recently 
introduced  into  this  country  by  Mr.  Towndrow,  an  attentive  examin- 
ation, and  we  feel  fully  convinced  of  the  many  improvement-  he  has 


XXIV  TESTIMONIALS. 

made  on  all  former  systems  which  have  come  under  our  notice.  Mr. 
Towndrow,  in  his  present  method,  has  appropriated  a  distinct  charac- 
ter to  represent  each  elementary  sound  of  the  English  language,  by 
the  use  of  which,  any  word,  no  matter  what  number  of  vowel  or  diph- 
thongal sounds  it  may  contain,  can  be  clearly  expressed  in  Short-Hand, 
without  having  occasion  to  raise  the  pen  from  the  paper,  which  could 
not  be  done  in  the  generality  of  systems  without  having  to  lift  the 
pen  several  times  in  order  to  supply  a  number  of  dots  representing 
the  vowels,  which  is  well  known  to  form  one  of  the  greatest  impedi- 
ments to  quick  writing,  while  upon  others  we  have  some  knowledge 
of,  it  would  be  impossible  to  convey  the  same  words  to  paper  so  as  to 
be  recognized  at  a  future  period. 

MANCHESTER  COURIER. 

We  have  examined  with  some  attention  the  system  of  Stenogra- 
phy invented  and  taught  by  Mr.  Towndrow,  and  we  are  of  the  opinion 
that  it  will  be  found  eminently  serviceable  to  those  who  wish  to  study 
the  Art.  In  some  points  it  is  superior  to  any  system  that  we  have  seen< 

BOSTON  MORNING  POST. 

Mr.  Towndrow's  system  of  Stenography  is  the  most  perfect  one 
ever  invented,  and  he  is  one  of  the  most  agreeable  and  gentlemanly  in- 
structors that  ever  taught  abbreviations. 

BOSTON  MORNING  NEWS. 

We  do  not  know  how  it  is  with  other  folks  ;  but  for  our?elf  there 
is  no  greater  satisfaction  to  be  found  in  the  whole  range  of  literary 
pleasures,  than  to  be  able  to  take  down  a  speech  as  it  falls  warm  from 
the  lips  of  an  extemporaneous  speaker.  It  is  then  that  the  peculiar- 
ities of  the  individual  slip  out  unperceived  by  the  orator  himself,  and 
are  probably  forgotten  by  the  majority  of  his  audience.  Ihe  science 
of  Stenography  obviates  the  latter  misfortune.  It  gives  us  the  por- 
trait of  the  speaker's  mind  exactly  as  it  is — the  glowing  thought,  the 
impassioned  apostrophe;  the  sudden  transitions  are  caught  and  faith- 
fully represented  by  this  divine  science,  before  they  have  had  time 
to  cool  and  degenerate  into  common-place  diction  beneath  the  hand 
of  the  exhausted  orator  who  prepares  his  speech  for  the  press.  Sten- 
ography has  power  to  represent  the  speaker's  mind  j  ust  as  it  looked 
while  he  Avas  delivering  his  discourse — it  lets  us  into  his  heart  by  a 
direct  road.  We  regret  that  our  limits  will  not  permit  us  to  do  full 


TESTIMONIALS  XXV 

justice  to  this  very  interesting  subject,  but  we  know  of  one  who  is 
able  to  achieve  what  we  are  incompetent  to  do.  We  allude  to  Mr' 
Townclrow  \v!io  has  given  us  such  information  with  respect  to  his 
present  system  as  renders  it  mathematically  certain  to  our  mind,  that 
it  is  superior  to  any  other  known.  The  elementary  sounds  are  repre- 
sented by  the  simplest  signs — an  improvement  never  before  attempted 
— and  a  number  of  words  may  be  connected  with  the  greatest  facil- 
ity ;  and  the  whole  read  with  ease.  This  last  crowns  the  whole  as 
every  stenographer  must  be  aware.  For  further  information  we  refer 
the  reader  to  Mr.  Towndrew  himself,  whose  patience  in  explaining 
his  system,  and  whose  urbanity  and  pleasing  manners,  render  him 
one  of  the  most  agreeable  as  well  as  able  teachers  we  have  ever  seen. 

BOSTON  AMERICAN  TRAVELLER. 

We  welcome  the  return  to  this  country  of  Mr.  Towndrow,  the 
accomplished  Professor  of  Stenography,  and  author  of  a  celebrated 
Guide  to  the  Art  of  Short-Hand  Writing.  A  new  edition  of  his  trea- 
tise was  lately  published  in  England  and  a  portion  of  it  received  here. 
The  improvements  he  has  made  in  the  system,  are  well  worthy  the 
attention  of  the  student,and  give  the  stamp  of  pre-eminence  to  his  work. 

ZION'S  HERALD,  OF  BOSTON. 

A  fine  opportunity  is  now  presented  to  youns  persons  in  this  city, 
by  the  return  of  Mr.  Towndrow  from  England,  to  acquire  the  useful 
accomplishment  of  Short-Hand  Writing.  We  became  acquainted 
with  this  gentleman  upon  his  first  visit  to  this  country,  and  from  the 
success  which  attended  his  instructions  then  given,  we  have  the  ut- 
most confidence  in  his  ability  to  teach  stenography,  and  the  superior 
advantages  of  his  improved  syst  $m.  This  system  enables  the  reporter, 
not  only  to  record  the  exact  words  as  delivered  by  any  public  speaker, 
but  also  every  peculiar  expression  made  use  of  by  him,  as  pronounced, 
and  to  preserve  all  in  a  legible  form,  so  as  to  be  read  at  any  future 
period,  with  the  greatest  ease  and  facility. 

BOSTON  MERCHANTILE   JOURNAL. 

T.  Towndrow,  who  is  well  known  for  his  success  in  teaching  the 
art  of  writing  Short-Hand,  has  just  put  forth  the  second  edition  of  a 
book  entitled,  "  A  complete  Guide  to  the  Art  of  Short-Hand  Writing, 
being  an  entirely  new  and  comprehensive  system  of  representing  the 
elementary  sounds  of  the  English  language  in  stenographic  charac- 


XXVi  TESTIMONIALS. 

ters."  Mr.  Towndrow's  system  has  met  with  approbation  of  persons 
versed  in  the  art,  and  is  probably  the  most  perfect  mode  of  Short- 
Hand  writing  extant.  To  those  who  wi*h  to  become  adepts  in  this 
valuable  accomplishment,  we  recommend  Mr.  Towndrow's  book — 
this,  with  a  due  share  of  patience  and  perseverance,  will  soon  qualify 
one  to  exercise  this  accomplishment  with  great  facility. 

BOSTON  ATLAS. 

Mr.  Towndrow.  professor  and  teacher  of  stenography,  lias  just 
introduced  to  the  notice  of  the  American  public,  a  new  system  of  writ- 
ing Short-Hand.  We  know  something  of  thfe  art,  and  having  attentive- 
ly examined  Mr.  T's  method,  can  say  that  it  possesses  many  advan- 
tages over  any  other  we  have  seen.  It  is  simple,  neat  and  beautiful- 
giving  the  exact  sound  of  all  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  in  the  lan- 
guage, without  obliging  the  writing  to  lift  his  pen,  even  when  taking 
down  the  longest  word.  Mr.  T.,  we  are  glad  to  learn,  is  wsll  encour- 
aged. 

BOSTON  DAILY  EVENING  TRANSCRIPT. 

Mr.  Towndrow  b  the  most  ready  Stenographer,  and  the  best  in- 
structor of  the  art  in  the  United  States. 

BALTIMORE  DAILY  GAZETTE. 

We  have  lately  had  an  interview  with  an  eminent  teacher  of  Ste- 
nography now  in  this  city — Mr.  Towndrow,  of  whose  merits  we  have- 
seen  the  most  nattering  testimonials  in  the  Boston  papers,  some  time 
before  his  arrival  among  us.  From  a  long  conversation  with  Mr.  T., 
and  an  attentive  examination  of  several  works  on  the  art  of  Stenogra- 
phy, which  he  has  published,  we  feel  fully  justified  in  recommending 
him  to  the  favorable  notice  of  the  public.  His  system  is  undoubtedly 
a  very  great  improvement  upon  all  which  have  preceded  it,  and  has 
been  the  result  of  a  long  and  assiduous  practice  of  his  profession.  In 
a  country  like  ours, where  legislative  bodies  are  so  numerous,and  where 
conventions  and  public  meetings  are  held,  and  addresses  delivered  0:1 
all  occasions,  it  would  seem  almost  unnecessary  to  dwell  on  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  knowledge  of  Stenography — but  the  art  has  been,liither- 
to,  but  little  cultivated.  We  can  imagine  no  other  cause  for  this  neg- 
lect, than  the  tediousness  and  insufficiency  of  the  old  systems  of  Short- 
Hand,  a  theoretical  knowledge  of  wh'u-h,  however  accurate,  lecl  to  no 
advantages  in  practice  corresponding  to  the  labor  of  acquiring  it,  •' 


TESTIMONIALS. 


xxvil 


We  are  informed  that  some  of  the  most  distinguished  reporters  of 
speeches  in  our  country,  owe  their  proficiency,  like  Mr.  Towndrow^ 
to  the  expedients  which  their  own  experience  has  suggested  to  them, 
independent  of  the  knowledge  to  be  obtained  in  any  treatise  heretofore 
published.  But  we  think  that  little  more  than  a  glance  at  the  system 
of  Mr.  T.  will  be  sufficient  to  convince  any  one  that  he  can  accom- 
plish all  that  he  promises.  We  have  no  doubt  that  his  mode  of  teach- 
ing will  be  speedily  adopted  in  schools,  and  Stenography  made  a  branch 
of  common  education. 

FROM  A  CLASS  IN  FALL  RIVER. 

FALL  RIVER,  MASS.,  May  29th,  1840. 
MR.  TOWNDROW, 

DEAR  SIR. — The  undersigned,  members  of  your  Stenographic 
Class,  upon  the  completion  of  their  studies,  tender  to  you  their  sincere 
thanks  for  the  promptness,  attention  and  assiduity  with  which  you 
have  performed  your  duties  as  our  instructor.  The  common  difficul- 
ties which  accompany  all  attempts  to  instruct  pupils  in  anything  of 
which  they  are  entirely  ignorant,  was  in  our  case  attended  with  anoth- 
er, the  total  ignorance  of  each  other  by  teacher  and  pupils.  But  from 
your  affability  to  us,  we  forgot  that  our  acquaintance  was  of  short 
duration,  and  this  feeling,  no  doubt,  contributed  to  assist  us  in  our 
studies  very  materially. 

We  are  going  to  part  from  each  other  ;  we  may  never  meet  you 
again,  collectively  or  individually  ;  but  our  good  wishes  go  with  you. 
And  whether  such  pleasure  be  in  store  for  us  or  not,  we  hope  that  each 
of  us,  tutor  and  pupil,  may  so  incline  to  the  path  of  virtue,  that  we 
may  meet  if  not  here,  in  that  world  to  which  that  path  eternally  leads. 
We  are  dear  sir, 

Yours,  very  respectfully, 

SIGNED  BY  12  STUDENTS. 
UNITED  STATES  GAZETTE. 

We  have  had  an  interview  with  Mr.  Towndrow,  the  author  of  a 
small  book  entitled  "A  Complete  Guide  to  the  Art  of  Writing  Short- 
Hand,  being  an  entirely  new  and  comprehensive  System  of  Represent- 
ing the  Elementary  Sounds  of  the  English  Language  in  Stenographic 
Characters."  Of  this  work,  we  may  say  as  of  most  other  treatises  on 
Stenography,  that  it  aims  to  advance  a  much  neglected  art,  but,  in  our 


XXVlll  TESTIMONIALS. 

opinion,  Mr.  Towndrow  lias  accomplished  a  real  and  valuable  object 
in  the  introduction  of  all  vowel  and  diphthongal  sounds,  without  the 
multiplication  of  characters,  and  in  such  a  manner  that  those  who  are 
acquainted  with  the  system  may  at  any  time  read  the  stenography  of 
others. 

We  wish  that  the  trustees  of  our  colleges  and  high  schools  would 
introduce  stenography  among  the  regular  pursuits  of  the  classes,  and 
have  it  so  cultivated  that  each  pupil  should  be  able  to  read  the  writing 
of  the  others. 

BOSTON  TRANSCRIPT. 

Mr.  Towndrow  has  given  us  such  information  with  respect  to  his 
present  system  of  Short-Hand,  as  renders  it  mathematically  certain  to 
our  mind  that  it  is  superior  to  any  other  known.  The  elementary 
sounds  are  represented  by  the  simplest  signs — an  Improvement  never 
before  attempted,  and  the  writing  can  be  read  with  ease.  This  last 
crowns  the  whole,  as  every  Stenographer  must  be  aware. 

BOSTON  GAZETTE. 

We  have  taken  the  opinion  of  those  who  are  greater  proficients  in 
Short-Hand  than  ourselves,  and  they  tell  us  that  Mr.  Towndrow's  sys- 
tem is  based  upon  principles  at  once  simple  and  comprehensive,  and 
that  it  embodies  all  that  is  necessary  to  render  any  one  a  ready  and 
complete  Stenographer. 

FROM  MR.  ABXER  KNEELAND,  OF  BOSTON. 

Towndrow's  Guide  to  Short-Hand,  has  been  recently  put  into  my 
hands,  and  for  the  time  I  have  had  to  examine  it,  and  so  far  as  I  am 
capable  of  judging,  I  think  it  is  the  most  perfect  system  of  the  kind  I 
have  ever  seen. 

SHEFFIELD  FIGARO. 

From  a  long  conversation  with  Mr.  Towndrow,  and  an  attentive 
perusal  of  his  Complete  Guide  to  Short-Hand,  we  feel  justified  in  rec- 
ommending it  to  the  favorable  notice  of  the  public.  In  his  system  of 
Stenography,  the  method  of  expressing  the  vowels  by  means  of  dots 
which  render  the  reading  of  stenography  so  very  difficult,  is  entirely 
obviated,  having  substituted  for  them  characters  which  may  be  easily 
introduced  in  any  part  of  the  word  without  lifting  the  pen.  The  theory 
of  sounds  has  never  to  our  knowledge  been  so  much  acted  upon  as  in 
Mr.  Towndrow's  work,  and  certainly  never  so  simply. 


Opinions  on  the  Utility  of  Short-Hand. 

"  I  should  exhort  all  young  men  to  learn  that  most  useful  art, 
Short- Hand  Writing,  an  art  which  I  believe  will  one  day  be  studied 
as  universally  as  common  writing,  and  which  will  abridge  the  labor 
of  penmanship  to  a  degree  that  will  materially  quicken  the  intercourse 
of  human  thought."  T.  CAMPBELL,  ESQ. 

Late  Lord  Rector  of  Glasgow  University. 

"  As  it  is  usual  to  take 'notes,  the  attainment  of  Short- Hand  will 
give  such  a  facility  to  your  labors  as  to  enable  you  to  follow  the  most 
rapid  speakers  with  certainty  and  precision." 

Letter  from  the  late  Mr.  Dunning,  to  a  Student  in  the  Temple. 

"The  Art  of  Short-Hand,  on  account  of  its  great  and  general 
utility,  merits  a  much  higher  rank  among  the  arts  than  is  commonly 
allotted  to  it ;  and  is  by  no  means  unworthy  the  attention  and  study 
of  men  of  science  and  genius." — Dr.  Johnson. 

The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of-Morton,  President  of  the  Royal  Society  ; 
the  Lord  Chancellor  Pratt ;  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Queensburg  ;  and 
Dr.  John  Taylor,  Chancellor  of  Lincoln,  after  receiving  instructions 
from  Dr.  Byrom,  observe :  "were  the  public  so  far  acquainted  with 
the  usefulness  of  this  Art  that  it  should  be  commonly  received  in  their 
intercourse  with  each  other,  taught  early  to  youth,  and  practiced  by 
them  when  they  became  to  be  men  of  letters  and  business,  the  despatch 
arising  from  it,  and  every  other  advantage,  would  increase  in  propor- 
tion to  its  more  general  reception." 

It  is  my  conviction  that  the  present  rapid  increase  in  knowledge 
of  ar.ts  and  sciences  demands  an  increase  also  in  facility  of  expressing 
and  communicating  thought ;  and  that  before  long,  this  art  will  be- 
come extensively  practiced,  and  highly  beneficial  to  the  clergy,  the 
lawyer,  the  physician,  student,  mechanic  and  merchant;  the  process 
of  acquisition  being  more  an  amusement  than  a  labor. 

W.  H.  BEECHER. 


What  Application  Will  Do. 

Before  entering  upon  the  exercises  of  this  interesting  study,  the 
Author  wishes  the  Student  to  peruse  the  following  lines  on  "Applica- 
tion," from  the  pen  of  the  late  Kev.  Samuel  Davenport,  of  Horsley, 
Derbyshire,  England. 

"  It  is  incredible  how  much  may  be  done  by  diligence  and  assidu- 
ity. The  present  state  of  the  world,  enlightened  by  arts  and  sciences, 
is  a  living  proof,  that  difficulties,  seemingly  insuperable,  and  under- 
takings imagined  to  be  impossible,  may  be  accomplished.  This  con- 
sideration ought  to  be  no  mean  spur  to  industry  and  application.  We 
are  not  acquainted  with  the  strength  of  our  own  minds  till  we  exer- 
cise them,  nor  to  what  length  our  abilities  will  carry  us,  till  we  put 
them  to  the  trial  Men  who  want  resolutinn,  often  desist  from  enter- 
prises, when  they  have  more  than  half  effected  their  purpose: — They 
are  discouraged  by  difficulties  and  disappointments,  which  ought  rath- 
er to  excite  their  ardor,  and  redouble  the  vigor  of  their  efforts  to  suc- 
ceed Let  any  one  consider  with  attention  the  structure  of  a  common 
engine  to  raise  water.  Let  him  observe  the  intricacy  of  the  machin- 
ery, and  behold  in  what  vast  quantities  one  of  the  heaviest  el-.-ments 
is  forced  out  of  its  course  ;  and  then  reflect  how  aiany  experiments 
must  have  been  tried  in  vain,  ho;v  many  obstacles  must  have  been 
overcome,  before  a  frame  of  such  wonderful  variety  in  its  parts,  could 
have  been  put  together ;  after  which,  let  him  pursue  his  own  enter- 
prises, not  without  hopes  of  success  in  the  end,  while  he  supports  the 
spirit  of  industry  by  considering  how  much  may  be  done  by  patience 
and  ingenuity." 


The  Advantages  of  Having  a  Teacher. 

Although  this  Text  Book  contai  is  all  the  instruction  that  is  neces- 
sary to  impart  a  thorough  knowledge  of  Short-Hand,  much  time  can  be 
saved  in  its  acquisition  by  the  assistance  which  a  competent  teacher 
can  render.  In  fact  a  teacher  may  be  considered  in  the  light  of  a  guide- 
post  to  a  person  traveling  in  a  strange  section  of  country.  When  he 
comes  to  a  point  where  there  are  divergent  roads,  and  no  guide-post 
to  aid  him  in  determining  him  by  which  he  ought  to  proceed  on  his 
journey,  the  traveler  slackens  his  pace  and  moves  forward  in  doubt 
and  uncertainty  as  to  whether  he  is  on  the  right  or  wrong  track ; 
whereas  the  presence  of  a  guide-post  at  the  proper  place  would  have 
removed  all  his  doubts,  and  encouraged  him  to  put  forth  all  his  ener- 
gies in  reducing  the  distance  before  him,  with  the  full  consciousness 
that  he  is  on  the  right  road  to  his  destination.  Just  so  it  is  with  a  stu- 
dent under  the  guidance  of  a  competent  teacher  ;  he  pursues  his  study 
with  the  full  assurance  that  whatever  he  does,  is  done  correctly — that 
he  is  making  no  mistakes,  and  will  not  have  to  take  a  back-track,  and 
try  to  undo  that  which  he  may  have  previously  done. 

Another  point — a  very  important  one,  gained  by  having  a  teacher, 
is  that  of  saving  time  in  acquiring  the  Art. 

On  the  supposition  that  a  majority  of  those  who  commence  the 
study,  contemplate  putting  their  knowledge  to  practical  and  remuner- 
ative account  as  soon  as  possible,  the  saving  of  one,  two,  or  three 
months'  time  will  enable  them  to  obtain  just  so  many  months'  com- 
pensation for  their  services  in  any  position  they  may  secure,  theieby 
more  than  offsetting  the  cost  of  instruction,  besides  rendering  the  task 
or  acquisition  easier  and  pleasanter. 


MISS  GRACIE  E.  TOWNDROW, 

Seventh  Avenue,  between  First  &  Second  Sts-» 

MOUNT  VERNON,  N.  Y., 

Most  respectfully  offers  her  services  as  an  Instructor  in  this  ; 
her  father's  original  system  of  Short-Hand. 

Instead  of  teaching  by  classes,  composed  of  pupils  in 
various  stages  of  advancement ;  where  the  diligent  student  is 
retarded  in  the  acquisition  of  the  Art,  by  the  less  progressive 
one,  she  devotes  her  personal  attention  to  each  pupil  at  separ- 
ate hours,  and  thus  insures  the  best  results  attainable  by  them 
respectively. 

Reference  given  to  those  who  have  placed  -themselves 
under  her  in  instruction  in  regard  to  her  method  of  teaching 
and  their  own  proficiency.  Terms  $10  for  a  complete  course 
of  lessons. 


TOWNDROW'S 


For  catalogues,  indexes,  reference  notes,  records  of  current 
events,  etc.,  where  additions,  changes  and  classification  are 
desired.  No  limit  of  time  embraced,  space  required,  or  num- 
ber of  subjects  introduced.  Manufactured  in  any  form,  size 
or  style,  by  the  Inventor  and  Original  Patentee. 

T.  TOWNDROW, 

MOUNT  VERNON,  WESTCHESTER  CO.,  N.  Y. 

File  Covers,  for  letters,  pamphlets,  printed  forms   of  real  es- 
tate agents,  &c.,  made  upon  same  principle. 


TO  THE  LEARNER. 


As  the  perusal  of  a  particular  remark  may  frequently  simplify 
the  mode  of  expressing  certain  words,  it  has  been  deemed  expedient 
to  number  each  distinct  character,  observation,  rule,  &c.,  in  regular 
order  without  any  regard  to  classification,  so  that  reference  may  be 
most  conveniently  made  to  th-j  same. 

With  a  very  large  proportion  of  learners  there  is  an  unfortunate 
perverseness  to  finish  a  letter  or  word  with  a  sort  of  flirting  or  flourish" 
ing  movement  of  the  pen,  which  completely  destroys  their  shape  and 
renders  it  extremely  difficult  to  read  them.  Avoid  all  carelessness  in 
the  formation  of  your  characters,  if  you  wisli  to  succeed  as  a  Short- 
Hand  writer. 

In  the  present  system  of  Short-Hand  it  is  unnecessary  to  use  ruled 
paper,  although  no  objection  can  be  made  to  its  use  ;  and  the  majority 
of  learners,  and  even  experts  will  doubtless  greatly  prefer  it. 

Another  advantage  possessed  by  this  system  is  that  it  is  unnecessary 
to  shade  certain  signs,  in  order  to  distinguish  them  from  others  of  the 
same  form  and  size,  nor  is  it  necessary  to  vary  the  position  of  charac- 
ters to  designate  a  preceding  or  following  vowel  or  signification,  that 
is,  to  commence  the  formation  of  a  consonant  character  one  or  two 
spaces  above  the  line,  on  the  line  or  one  or  two  spaces  below  the  real 
or  imaginary  writing  line  ;  my  rule  being  simply  to  allow  the  lowest 
point  of  single  signs  and  the  principal  portion  of  a  word  composed  of 
more  than  one  alphabetical  sign  to  stand  upon  the  real  or  imaginary 
writing  line. 


Materials  for  Writing. 

1.  The  learner  is  recommended  to  use  a  drawing  pencil  of  good 
quality  and  medium  hardness,  or  a  pliable  gold  pen,  with  fountain  at- 
tachment ;  and  even  when  preferring  to  write  with  a  pen,  the  student 
will  find  it  advisable  to  prepare  for  any  emergency,  by  providing  him- 
self with  five  or  six  pencils  with  their  points  ready  for  use,  in  a  prop- 
er case,  which  can  be  obtained  at  almost  any  stationery  store,  as  an 
accident  may  occur  to  the  pen,  or  tho  points  of  one  or  two  pencils  may 
break  at  an  inopportune  moment. 


34  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

2.  Whether  writing  with  a  pen  or  pencil,  paper  having  a  smooth 
service,  but  not  too  highly  glazed  or  sized,  ought  to  be  selected.   The 
use  of  rough  paper  soon  wears  out  the  point  of  the  most  valuable  pen, 
and  it  is  impossible  to  long  retain  a  line  point  to  any  pencil  when 
writing  upon  rough  paper,  consequently  the  strokes  are  made  larger 
and  thicker  than  they  ought  to  be,  which  not  only  inpedes  the  process 
of  rapid  writing,  but  leads  to  a  habit  of  forming  the  characters  in  a 
careless  manner,  and  thereby  naturally  impairs  the  legibility  of  the 
manuscript. 

3.  In  purchasing  note  books,  see  that  they  are  of  convenient  size 
to  be  put  in  and  taken  out  of  the  pocket,  and  not  exceeding  half  an 
inch  in  thickness.    Also  observe  that  they  will  open  freely  to  the  back. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  HOLDING  THE  PEN  OR  PENCIL. 

4.  Let  the  end  of  the  long  finger  be   placed  about  half  or  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  from  t»ie  point  of  the  pen  or  pencil,  and  the  end  of 
the  thumb  opposite  that  of  the  forefinger — thus  holding  it  much  more 
erect  than  is  usual  in  c  :>mmon  writing,  so  that  it  may  be  moved  in  any 
direction  with  ease  and  facility. 


About  Learning  the  Consonants,  &c. 


5.  The  student  should,  first  of  all,  acquire  a  familiar  knowledge  of 
the  characters  representing  the  Consonants,  and  a  few  Double  Conso- 
nants used  in  this  system  of  Short-Hand ;  so  as  to  make  them  correct- 
ly as  to  their  respective  forms  and  sizes,  also  with  the  utmost  degree 
of  facilitj'.     This  can  be  most  readily  accomplished  by  writing  them 
repeatedly,  both  in  alphabetical  order,  and  as  classified  according  to 
their  relative  similarity  of  form,  &c.,  at  the  same  time  impressiug 
upon  the  mind  the  names  and  form  of  each. 

6.  The  learner  must  not  be  too  anxious  to  write  expeditiously  at 
lir-r  •  or  he  will  be  sure  to  make  "more  haste  than  good  speed."    Let 
his  first  aim  be  to  form  the  characters  with  neatness  and  accuracy;  and 
expedition  cannot  fail  to  ensue  ;  as  Mr.  Molineux  correctly  observes — 

"  Learn  to  write  well,  all  other  graces, 
Will  soon  fill  up  their  proper  places." 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND. 

How  the  Consonants  are  Represented. 


7.  The  Consonants  and  Double  Consonants  used  in  this  system  of 
Short-Hand  are  represented  as  follows :  B.  £  ;  D.  /  ;  F.  C  or  ?;  G. 
c_  ;  H.  -~\  or  \J;   J.  <— ;   K.    O  or  ^  ;   L.  );    M.  r\  5  N.  ^  ',  F- 

\;   Q.  7;   R.<^;   S.    I   ;   T.  — ;   V.  C    or  }    ,  W.  <T\  or  «LX  ;  X. 

'X    or  <\  ;    Y.  S ;    Z.  X1;    Ch.  •/;    Sh.   /       or    \  ;   Th.  -     -  ; 

Wh.  f. 

8.  C.  except  as  the  initial  letter  of  a  name,  is  rejected  in  this  sys- 
tem, as  it  is  also  in  almost  all  others  ;  and  substituted  by.  K  or  S,  ac- 
cording to  its  hard  or  soft  sound.    See  exposition  of  (7.  JTand  S,  on 
subsequent  pages. 

9.  Always  commence  with  the  curve  or  hook  in  forming  g.  j.  g.  r. 
x.  y.  z.  ch.  and  wh.    The  curve  or  hook  of  the  r  character  is  omitted 
however,  when  joined  with  other  letters,  making  a  simple  oblique  line 
up, 'as  in  V.  pr,  /^.  rp,  &c. 

10.  F,  h,  Jc,  v,  w,  x  and  sh,  are   each  represented  by  two  distinct 
characters,  in  order  that  they  may  be  more  readily  combined  with 
other  letters  than  they  would  be  if  confined  to  either  form,  writing  mk 

thus  rf\  ,  rk  thus  ^  ,  &c. 

11.  The  Double  consonants,  ch,  sh,  th  and  wh,  being  of  frequent 
occurrence,  special  characters  have  been  assigned  to  represent  them. 

12.  The  learner  desiring  further  information  respecting  any  of  the 
letters  or  signs,  will  probably  obtain  it  by  referring  to  an  exposition 
of  the  same  ;  for  which  consult  the  Index. 

13.  The  foregoing  consonant  signs  may  be  classified  as  follows : 

Th.  -1 ;  T.  — ;  S.     |    ;  D.  /;    P.\;    Sh.    /or   \  ;  G.  <_  ; 

J.  c--  Q.  T;  Wh.  f  •  X.  \  or  ^  ;   Y.    ^  ;   Z.    xO;  Ch.  ^ ;  R.  /; 

B.    C;  L.  ^   ;  M.  ^;  N.  ^;  H.    ^  or  V;  F.    <?  or  3;  K.  ^ 

or  <iS  •  V.  (     or  }   ;  W. 


36  TOWXDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

Directions  for  Joining  the  Characters. 

14.  When  the  learner  has  become  so  far  acquainted  with  the  Steno- 
graphic characters,  as  to  write  them  with  ease  and  facility,  he  may 
learn  the  method  of  joining  them  together,  in  the  neatest  and  quick- 
est possible  manner. 

15.  In  joining  Short- Hand  characters  together,  the  first  is  general- 
ly made  as  if  no  other  was  to  be  written,  and  the  next  (without  lifting 
the  pen)  from  the  last  point  of  the  first,  as  if  it  had  not  been  there  ; 
for  instance,  in  order  to  join  the  letters  n  s  t,  together,  first  mike  the 
semi-circle  for  n,  \j  ;  then  without  taking  off  the  pen,  draw  down  the 
s  from  the  last  part  of  the  n,  thus  ^i ,  ns,  to  which  add  the  short  hori- 
zontal line  for  t,  thus  H_  ,  nst,  and  so  on  in  like  manner  with  nearly 
all  the  rest. 

16.  All  unnecessary  curves  and  angles  must  b  ;  avoided ;  one  let-, 
ter  being  made  to  run  into  another  as  much  as  possible  ;  for  instance, 
where  two  reverse  semi-circles  occur  together,  neither  of  them  need 
to  be  made  complete,  but  a  small  portion  must  be  cut  off  each,  as  in 

the  following  examples  :  r*J  mn,  V^\  nm,  ^-^  bnk.  &c.  In  the 
same  manner,  all  letters  lose  a  portion  when  preceding  any  character 
which  commences  with  a  loop  or  ring ;  by  which  means  a  great  sav- 
ing of  time  is  effected,  and  a  general  uniformity  is  preserved  in  the 
writing. 

17.  Let  all  the  characters  that  are  used  in  expressing  a  word  be 
joined  together  without  raising  the  pen,  except  Avhen  d,p,  s  or  t,  occurs 
twice  in  immediate  succession.    See  exposition  of  those  letters. 


Mode  of  Spelling. 

17.  In  writing  Short-Hand,  no  particular  regard  need  be  paid  to 
the  usual  method  of  spelling.  Use  such  characters  only  in  writing  a 
word,  as  may  be  indispensably  necessary  to  give  the  sound  thereof; 
all  silent  letters  will  then  be  omitted,  and  one  letter  frequently  sub- 
stituted for  another. 

19.  As  examples  in  spelling  will  doubtless  do  more  to  initiate  the 
learner  into  the  method  he  must  necessarily  pursue  in  the  practice  of 
Stenography,  than  numerous  rules  and  exceptions,  upward  of  one 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAiS'D.  o7 

thousand  have  been  selected,  and  arranged  in  subsequent  Exercises, 
embracing  the  various  combinations  of  letters,  to  which  are  annexed 
.  all  the  words  they  respectively  express. 

20.  The  following  extract  of  a  letter  written  by  Major  Jack  Down- 
ing, to  his  old  friend,  Mr.  Dwight,  of  the  New  York  Advertiser,  not- 
withstanding the  singularity  of  the  production,  furnishes  (in  the  word 
Asia,)  an  admirable  illustration  of  the  liberty  Avhich  Stenographers  fre- 
quently take  with  the  orthography  of  our  language. 

"  I  only  wish  I  had  gone  to  school  a  leetle  more  when  I  was  a 
boy.  If  I  had,  my  letters  now  would  make  folks  crawl  all  over :  but 
if  I  had  been  to  school  all  my  lifetime,  I  know  I  never  could  be  able 
to  write  more  honestly  than  I  have.  I  am,  sometimes  puzzled  most 
p'.aguily  to  git  words  to  tell  jest  exactly  what  I  think,  and  what  It 
know :  and  when  I  git'em  I  don't  know  exactly  how  to  speU'em — but 
so  long  as  I  git  the  sound, I'll  let  other  folks  git  the  sense  on't— pretty 
much  as  our  old  frien I  down  to  Salem,  who  bilt  a  big  ship  to  go  to 
China — he  call'd  her  the  'Asha.'  Now  there  is  sich  a  thing  as  folks 
knowin  too  much  ;  all  tho  lamed  ones  was  puzzled  to  know  who '  Ashal 
was ;  and  they  never  would  know  to  this  day  what  it  ment,  if  the 
owner  of  the  ship  hadn't  tell'd  'em  that  China  was  in  'Asha.'  'Oh' 
ah!'  says  the  lamed  folks,  'we  see  now — but  that  ain't  the  way  to  spell 
it.'  'What,'  says  he,  'if  A-s-h-a  don't  spell  AsTia,  what  on  earth  does 
it  spell?  And  that  stump'd  'em." 

It  is  seldom  necessary  to  write  an  initial  vowel  except  in  mono- 
syllables such  as  ant,  apt,  ask,  ell,  end,  err,  ill,  imp,  ink,  odd.  orb. 
own,  urge,  urn,  use,  etc.,  in  which  cases  it  will  be  found  easier  and 
more  legibly  expressed  by  the  loop  and  line  characters  assigned  to 
represent  them,  than  by  placing  detached  marks  in  particular  posi- 
tions, or  by  writing  the  consonant  characters  (or  outlines  as  the  Pho- 
nographers  call  them),  in  assigned  positions  to  designate  the  omitted 
vowels. 

To  express  a  vowel  or  diphthong  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of 
a  word,  the  loop  and  line  character  assigned  to  represent  it,  is  almost, 
if  not  quite,as  readily  formed,  as  it  would  be  to  draw  a  simple  straight 

line;  as  for  example  Co    me-  is  written  almost  as  readily  as  o/    mr, 

^  ne,  is  written  as  readily  as  Vrf\np,  V  po,  as  readily  as  V 
pr.  thus  showing  that  the  loop  or  ring  forms  no  impediment  in  writing 
the  two  letters,  whereas,  according  to  almost  every  ether  system  of 


448518 


38  TOWUDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

short-hand,  it  would  be  necessary  to  take  off  the  pen  and  make  a  de- 
tached mark  to  denote  the  vowel. 

The  student  must  constantly  bear  in  mind  that  the  primary  ob- 
ject to  be  gained  is  to  know  how  to  write  words  correctly,  both  as  to 
the  characters  used,  and  the  perfection  of  their  respective  forms  :  and 
then  to  write  them  so  frequently  that  each  word  becomes  so  thorough- 
ly familiar  to  the  eye  and  mind  of  the  writer  that  he  can  pen  them 
down  as  fast  as  they  flow  naturally  tromthe  lips  of  a  speaker. 

It  may  be  proper  here  to  remark  that  the  learner  must  not  for  a 
moment  suppose  because  some  simple  words  may  each  require  three, 
four  or  even  five  movements  of  the  pen  to  write  them,  that  longer 
words  require  a  proportionably  larger  number  of  motions  of  the  pen 
to  express  them  ;  such  not  bein  the  case  :  for  instance,  the  word 


pride  is  written  thus  :     *7    ,  while  the  word  interment  is  written  thus: 

v>\    ,  countermand  thus  :  Q-^,  comprehend  thus  :  .JV-N  >  etc  .  ,  accord- 
ing to  rules  hereafter  given. 

In  order  to  obviate  the  necessity  heretofore  experienced,  in  fre- 
quently turning  over  the  leaves  of  a  Text-Book  from  the  rules  or  in- 
structions to  the  exercises  prepared  or  selected  for  the  learner's  prac- 
tice ;  and  from  the  exercises  to  the  rules  ;  it  is  deemed  preferable  to 
issue  the  Instructions  or  Kules  and  exercises  in  separate  parts,  so  that 
both  may  be  opened  and  kept  immediately  before  the  student  at  any 
stage  of  his  progress,  while  he  is  devoting  his  attention  to  the  subject. 


Exposition  of  the  Consonants. 


21.  B.  is  represented  in  the  present  system   of  Stenography,  by  a 

small  vertical  semi-circle,  thus,     C  ,  the  reverse  of  I  always  commenc- 
ing at  the  top. 

22.  Bb.    To  express  bb,  the  character  for  5,  must  be  written  twice 
without  lifting  the  pen. 

23.  Be,  forming  a  distinct  syllable  at  the.  beginning  of  a  word, 
must  be  expressed  by  making  the  character  for  &.  twice  its  usual  size, 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  39 


writing  -a^s  fre-km  for  Secanie  and  become. 

24.  B  may  be  omitted  in  such  words  as  de&t,  dou&t,  dum&,  tomS, 
Jbc. 

2o.  C.  The  hard  sound  of  c,  as  heard  in  calm,  cap,  cost,  cup,  &c., 
is  represented  by  K.  and  the  soft  sound  in  such  words  as  celestial 
cent,  ce  tain.  &c.,  by  s,  writing  kst  for  cast,  caste,  and  cost  ;  krv,  for 
carve  and  curve  ;  srtn  for  certain,  &c. 

20.  C.  To  represent  C,  as  the  initial  of  a  name,  use  the  ch  charac- 
ter distinguished  as  such  by  a  grave  accent  placed  over  the  same,  as 

in  I/  A  "J!  C.  H.  Chase. 

27.  Ch.    For  the  expression  of  ch,  see  exposition  of  Double  (Jon- 
sonants. 

28.  D,  is  represented  by  a  short  oblique  line,  thus  /,  the  reverse 

of  p,  in  all  cases  commencing  at  the  top.     Examples  ^\  dmp,    <^ 
dk,  &c. 

29.  Dd  must  be  expressing  by  making  the  character  for  d  twice, 

separately,  as  in  /O   ddn  for  deaden,  G~//  kndd  for  candid,  &c. 

30.  D,  at  the  end  of  words  has  frequently  the  sound  of  t  which 
letter  may,  in  such  cases,  be  substituted  for  the  former,  when  more 
conveniently  joined  with  preceding  character  ;  writing  dstrst  for  dis- 
tressed ;   xprst  for  expressed,  A.C. 

31.  D,  may  be  omitted  in  such  words  as  friendship,  landlord,  land- 
scape, &c. 

32.  F,  is  represented  by  two  distinct  characters,  each  composed  of 

a  small  loop  or  ring  and  a  small  vertical  semi-circle,  thus  C  and    3   ; 
leaving  the  writer  at  liberty  to  use  either  as  may  be  found  most  easily 

joined  with  the  preceding  or  following  character,  as  in    v  pf,   2_  1ft, 
«tc. 

33.  For  ff,  write  either  of  the  /characters  twice,  without  raising 
the  pen,  as  may  be  most  conveniently  joined  to  the  preceding  or  fol  • 
lowing  character. 

34.  F,  must  always  be  substituted  for  gh,  and  ph,  in  such  words  as 
cough,  laugh,  rough,  tough,  phantom,  pheasant,  philosophy,  &c. 

31    G,  is  represented  by  a  small  descending  <;urve  or  hook  and 


40  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

short  horizontal  line,  thus  c ,  the  reverse  of  j,  as  in  «—,  gel ;     l—r^J 

gmn,  <tc.    The  soft  sound  of  g  may  be  expressed  by  j  in  such  words 
as  gem,  gender,  giant,  gibbet,  gipsey,  &c. 

36.  G  and  rjh,  being  silent  in  ^nat,  phlegm,  feign,  retyn,  resign, 
li<?ht,  si</ht,  etc.,  may  be  omitted  in  those  words. 

37.  Gh,  occurring  together  and  having  the  sound  of/,  as  heard  in 
enough,  trough,  &c.,  must  be  substituted  by/. 

38.  Gg.    To  express  gg,  make  the  character  for  g,  twice  without 
lifting  the  pen  thus    '—t_   ,  as  in  the  words  gag  and  gig,  giggle,  &c. 

39.  II.    Two  distinct  characters  have  been  appopriated  to  repre- 
sent this  letter  not  only  to  render  it  more  convenient  in  combination 
with  others,  but  also  to  afford  a  ready  means  of  expressing  the  present 
and  past  tenses  of  the  auxiliary  verb  to  have.    See  word  signs,  class 
A.I. 

40.  n.    Each  of  the  characters  representing  h,  consists  of  a  large 
horizontal  semi-circle,  the  first  one  being  made  twice  the  size  of  m, 
thus  f^,  and  the  second  one  twice  the  size  of  ?i  thus  \_y,  leaving  the 
writer  at  liberty  to  use  either,  as  may  be  found  most  easily  joined  to 

the  preceding  or  following  character,  as  in    <-f  ha,   o^.    lie,  <'^o 

ho,  Tr    Tin. 

41.  J,  which  has  a  perfect  uniformity  of  sounds,  (except  in  halle- 
lujah) is  represented  by  a  small  ascending  curve  or  hook  and  short 

horizontal  line  thus  c — ,  the  reverse  of  g,  as  in  *""* —    jigge''>  &c. 

42.  J,  may  be  substituted  for  g  when  the  latter  has  a  soft  sound 
in  such  words  as  gem,  gin,  ginger,  gypsy,  &c. 

43.  K,  is  represented  by  two  characters,  each  composed  of  a  small 

loop  or  ring,  and  small  semi-circle,  thus  ^  and  thus  ^  ;   either  of 
which  may  be  used,  according  to  its  most  ready  combination  with  other 

SiS 
letters,  as  in  <         jkr,  (~ti~\  mk,   ~~^J*~/  tnk,  £C- 

44.  Kk.    Either  of  the  characters  for  Tc  may  be  written  twice  with- 
out raising  the  pen,  for  kk. 

45.  K,  must  be  substituted  for  c,  and  ch,  in  such  words  as  care, 
case,  curse,  chaos,  chasm,  character,  <fcc. 

46.  K,  may  be  omitted  when  preceding  n,  in  the  same  syllable,  in 
such  words  as  £nave,  £nee,  inock,  &c. 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  41 

47.  L,  is  represented  by  a  small  vertical  semi-circle,  thus  s  ,  the 

reverse  of  b,  always  commencing  at  the  top,  as  in  <ujylnk,   '-'  Itr,  &c. 

48.  LI.    To  express  II,  the  character  for  Z  must  be  written  twice 
without  raising  the  pen,  as  in  \Q  prll  for  parallel,  &c. 

49.  Lr,     To  express  Ir  make  the  semi-circular  character  for  I  twice 

its  regular  size  thus   ")  as  in  <y  Irnd  for  learned. 

50.  L,  may  be  omitted  in  such  words  as  calf,  calm,  palm,  salve, 
t-lk,  walk,  &<•. 

51.  M,  i?  represented  by  a  small  semi-circle,  thus  -n  ,   the  reverse 

of  n,  as  in  mrk   'r*      ,  mrl  /*vO. 

52.  Mm.    To  express  mm,  wiite  the  character  for  m  twice  without 
lifting  the  pen,  as  in     >r"vx^    mimic,  &c. 


53.  N,  is  represented  by*a  small  semi-circle  thus   W    ,  the  reverse 


of  m  as  in   ^f~  nrg,  v~'    ntr,  <fcc. 

54.  Nn.    To  express  nn,  write  the  character  for  n  twice  without 


raising  the  pen,  as  in        j  Inn  for  linen,  &c.      <T\M_/  knn  for  cannon, 
&c. 

55.  N,  may  be  omitted  in  such  words  as  hymn,  kiln,  autunrn,  sol- 
emn, &c. 

56.  P,  is  represented  by  a  short  oblique  line,  drawn  down  from 

left  to  right,  thus  \  ,  the  reverse  of  d<  as  in  \>—  png,  \A  prs,  «fec. 

57.  P,  when  preceded  by  x,  is  expressed  by  drawing  the  stem  line 

"S. 

of  the  character  representing  x  twice   its  regular  length,  as  in      \/j 
xprs  for  express,  &c. 

58.  P  may  always  be  omitted  in  such  words  as  pneumatics,  psalms, 
tempt,  raspberry,  receipt,  redemption,  &c. 

59.  Ph,  except  when  silent,  must  be  substituted  by/or  v,  as  in  the 
words  ne;?Aew,  phantom,  ^Mlosopher,  &c. 

60.  Pp.    To  express  pp,  tlie  character  representing  p,  must  b'j 

written  twice  thus  Vv  as  in 


42  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

61.  Q,  is  represented  by  a  small  curve  or  hook  and  short  perpen- 
dicular line,  thus    1  ,  the  reverse  of  wh  P  as  in   <A  qk,  &c. 

62.  Qu,  may  be  frequently   substituted  by  £,  writing  <^j>S'  knkr 

for  canker  and  couquer,  f*v      mrk  for  mark  and  marque,  &c. 

63.  Cu  frequently  sound  like  q,  and  may  in  such  cases  be  express" 
ed  by  the  latter,  writing  y  qr  for  cure,    /      seqr  for  secure,  ^o  l-o- 

V 

q-shun,  for  elocution,  Ac. 

64.  R,  when  joined  with  other  letters,  except  in  words  beginning 
with  the  syllable  re,  is  represented  by  a  simple  oblique  line,  thus  /  , 
the  same  as  d,  with  this  exception  ;  d  is  always  made  down  from  right 
to  left,  while  r  must  in  all  cases  be  an  up  stroke  from  left  to  right,  as 

in  <X    dk,   J^    rk,    l*>>  drk. 

65.  Re,  forming  a  distinct  syllable  at  the  beginning  of  a  word, 

must  be  expressed  by  the  character  representing  r  thus  £  ,  in  all  cases 

commencing  with  the  curve  or  hook  in  its  formation,  as  in     *^>   rebl, 

for  rebel,  <«1  repos,  for  repose,  &c. 

66.  The  same  character  is  also  written  simply  to  express  the  words 
are,  art,  and  or.    See  word  Signs,  Class  A. 

67.  Rr.     To  express  rr,  first  make   the  simple  oblique  line,  up 

thus  /  ,  then  join  the  other  character  representing  r,  to  the  terminal 

/  /  / 

point  of  the  former,  thus    /      ,  writing   -          mrr  for  mirror  ;    - 
trr  for  terror.     Rr  may  also  be  expressed  by  writing  the  simple  line 
character  for  r  twice  separately  when  more  convenient  or  distinct,  as 

in   — ^/^~  tr-rnt  for  torrent,  &c. 

68.  8,  is  represented  by  a  short  perpendicular  line  thus    I   ,  always 

commencing  at  the  top,  as  in  U—  sng,  ~~K  tsk,  &c. 

69.  8.  being  silent  in  demesne,  isle,  island,  viscount,  &c.,  must  be 
omitted  in  those  words. 

70.  S,  has  frequently  the  sound  of  sh,  and  should  be  substituted 
by  the  latter,  writing  Asha  for  Asia,  Prsha  for  Persia,  shur  for  su  e, 
shugr  for  sugar,  &c. 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  43 

71.  Ss,  may  l»e  expressed  by  making  the  character  for  s  twice  sep- 
arately, thus  ||  or  by  drawing  the  perpendicular  line  for  s  twice  its 

regular  length,  thus  as  may  be  found  most  expedient.  It  is  gen- 
erally preferable  to  use  the  former  after  a  down-stroke,  and  the  latter 

P  <| 

after  an   up-stroke,  writing  '  *—  asst  for  assist,      '    ress  for  recess, 

L  re-sst  for  resist,  &c. 

72.  Sh.    Two  distinct  characters   are   assigned  to  represent  the 
double  consonant  sh,  for  which  see  exposition  of  the  same. 

73.  T,  is  represented  by  a  short  horizontal  line  thus        in  all 

cases  to  be  drawn  from  left  to  right,  as  in  — ^  -    tmt,  —A—  trst,  &c. 

74.  T,  may  be  omitted  in  such  words  as  bustle,  chasten,  mortgage, 
&c. 

75.  Tt.    To  express  tt,  the  character  for  t,  must  always  be  written 

twice  separately,  thus  =,  as  in  ^  ttl,  for  tattle  and  tittle  ;  — ^  ttr 
for  tatter,  tetter,  titter  and  tetter,  &c. 

76.  Th,  occurring  together,  must  be   expressed  by  drawing  the 

horizontal  line  for  t,  twice  its  regular  length,  thus  ~  — ,  as  in ^ 

thm  for  them  and  thumb  ;  — *-f  thnk  for  thank  and  think,  &c. 
See  exposition  of  Double  Consonants. 

77.  F,  is  expressed  by  two  characters,  each  composed  of  a  small 

loop  or  ring,  and  a  large  vertical  semi-circle,  thus  C*  and  °)  >  twice  the 
size  of  those  representing/,  leaving  the  writer  to  use  either  as  found 
most  readily  joined  to  the  preceding  er  following  character ;  as  in 

^  gv,  /  lv,  &c. 

78.  Vo,  may  be  expressed  by  making  either  of  the  characters  twice 
without  raising  the  pen. 

79.  W,    Two  distinct  characters  have  been  assigned  to  represent 
this  letter,  each  composed  of  a  small  loop  or  ring  and  semi-circle  thus 

4~\  and  thus  fc^  ,  twice  the  size  of  the  characters  repsenting  Tc,  always 
commencing  with  the  loop  or  ring  ;  using  the  one  which  will  be  most 
readily  joined  to  the  preceding  or  following  character;  the  former 


44  TOWIX'DROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

after  a  down  stroke  and  the  latter  after  an  upstoke,  as  in  ^v-\  swm, 

C^frw. 

80.  TT.    This  letter  is  omitted  in  anszcer,  sword,  w?rap.  wreck,  write, 
&c. 

81.  Wh.    For  wh,  in  such  words  as  what,  when,  while,  whist,  &c., 
a  distinct  character  is  appropriated.    See  exposition  of  the  Double  Con- 
sonants. 

82.  X.    Two  characters  are  assigned  to  express  the  letter  x,  each 
composed  of  a  small  curve  or  hook,  and  a  short  oblique  line   drawn 

down  from  left  to  right  thus    »  and  ^  .     In  combination  with  other 


L\    sx 


letters,  used  the  one  which  can  be   most  readily  joined,  as  in 

— *V-   txt,  &c. 

83.  Xp  are  expressed  by  drawing  the  stem  line  of  the  x  twice  its 


regular  length,  as  in    \/     xprt  for  expert  and  export,  <!tc. 

84,  X,  has  the  sound  of  0,  at  the   beginning  of  proper  names,  :..- 
heard  in  -STanthus,  .Xenophon,  Xerxes,  &c.,  and  must  be  substituted  by 
that  letter  accordingly. 

85.  X,  may  generally  be  substituted  for  cfcs  and  cts  at  the  ent".  of 
words,  writing  ax  for  acts  and  axe,  fx  for  facts,  fix  and  fox,  <tc. 

8(>.  Y,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  syllable,  is  represented  by  a 
small  curve  or  hook  and  short  oblique  line  drawn  down  from  right  to 

left,  thus  /  ,  always  commencing  with  the  curve,  as  in     L  yt,  6«—  yr,£ 
&c. 

87.  Y,  must  always  be  substituted  for  i  in  the  final  syllable  of  suck 
words  as  billiards,  collier,  million,  onion,  &c. 

88.  Y.    To  express  y,  in  such  words  as  prej*,  many,  marry,  type, 
thyme,  tyrant,  &c.,  see  exposition  of  the  vowels  a,  e  and  i. 

89.  Z  is  represented  by  a  small  curve  or  hook,  and  short  oblique 

line  drawn  down  from  right  to  left,  thus    '     ,  in  all  cases  commencing 

at  the  curve  or  hook,  as  in  /^/  zmr,  <Lc. 

90.  Z,  may  frequently  be   substituted   for  s  when    it  has  the  hard 
hissing  sound  of  the  former. 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  45' 

91.  Zh.  The  sound  of  zher  and  zhur,  at  the  end  of  words  are  ex- 
pressed by  the  z  character  with  a  dot  under  it  as  a  qualifying  point. 
If  the  writer  should  prefer  it,  he  may  use  either  of  the  folio  wing  char- 
acters (half-chain-links)  /)  or  ^  to  express  such  terminal  sounds,  as 

in  *V)  or  b>  for  azure ;    /"ti^-3    hosier,  &c. 


Exposition  ot  the  Double  Consonants. 

92.  Ch.    The   sound   of  ch,  as  heard  in   charm,  chapter,  child, 
chosen,  church,  &c.,  is  expressed  thus  i/,  always  commencing  its  for- 
mation at  the  curve  or  hook,  as  in  ^->~  chntfor  chant,  ./!__  chstfor 
chest,  &c. 

93.  Ch,  having  the  hard  sound  like  Jc,  as  in  chaos,  chasm,  chorus, 
school,  &c.,  must  in  all  such  cases  be  expressed  b}r  that  letter. 

94.  Ch,  may  be  substituted  by  sJi,  in  such  words  as  chagrin,  chaise, 
and  chivalrous,  and  by  q  in  choir,  &c. 

95.  Sh.    Two  characters  have  been  assigned  to  represent  ah,  the 

first  one  being  an  oblique  line   twice  the  lenght  of  d  thu    /      .     It 
may  be  niade  either  with  a  downward  or  upward  stroke,  as  in  r 

dsh  for  dash  or  dish,    4r\       shk  for  shock.     The  other  character  rep- 
resenting sh  is  an  oblique  line  twice  the  length  of  p,  thus      \  ,  always 

-v  \ 

made  down,  as  in      V      shrt  for  shirt  or  short,        o~  for  shoot,  &c. 

96.  Th.     Both  the  flat  and  sharp  sounds  of  th,  are  represented  by 
a  horizontal  line  twice  the  lenght,  of  the  t  character,  thus  ,  as  in 

/. —  dth  for  death  or  doth, /  thr  for  their  or  there. 

97.  Th-t.    To  express  tht,  write  the  latter  t  immediately  under  the 

last  half  of  the  line  representing  th,  as  in         :~  ^/    thtch  for  thatch, 

TTTT./    ththr  for  thither,  &c. 

98.  Wh.    A  small  curve  or  hook   and  a  short  perpendicular  line 

made  down  thus    f  ,  is  used  to  express  wh,  as  in  L  wht  for  what,  whet, 


46  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

whit,  G  whn  for  when  or  whin. 

99.  The  first  character  representing  h  thus  S*\  ,  must  be  written 
instead  of  wh  in  such  words  as  whole,  wholesome,  whoop,  &c. 


Exposition  of  the  Vowels  and  Diphthongs. 

100.  The  long  slender  sound  of  a  as  heard  in  age,  aim,  base,  pare, 
&c.,  is  represented  thus  *)  or  thus  f,as  may  be  most  conveniently 

joined  to  the  preceding  character,  as  in  K  aim,  I/ air,  7  da,  T 
nay,  &c- 

101.  The  long  slender  a  must  be  substituted  for  ai,  ay,  ea,  ei,  and 
ey  in  such  words  as  aid,  day,  ray  bear,  reign,  prey,  &c. 

102.  The  long  Italian  a  as  heard  in  alms,  balm,  calm,  &c.,  is  rep- 
resented thus    1  ,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  making  the  circle  or 
ring  of  the  character,  twice  the   size  of  that  representing  the  long 

sound  of  a,  as  in  \S^  ark,  >^  ardor,  &c.  In  the  middle  or  at  the  end 
of  a  word,  the  circle  or  ring  may  be  formed  on  either  side  of  the  stem 

line,  as  in  ^  calm,  &c. 

103.  The  short  Italian  sound  of  a  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  is 

represented  thus  P ,  as  in  «^_  act,  £/^—  attempt,  &c.  When  it  oc- 
curs in  the  middle  or  at  end  of  a  word,  the  circle  or  ring,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  long  Italian  a,  can  be  formed  on  either  side  of  the  stem  line 

*f  data,  Q&     fiat  ^  iota,  &c. 

104.  The  same  characters  may  be  used  to  express  au,  in  such 
words  as  aunt,  daunt,  jaunt,  laugh,  launch,  &c. 

105.  The  broad  German  a,  au,  and  aw,  are  expressed  thus  ex.  or 

^  as  in  CN /  author,   °\-/   daughter, v    thaw,  &c. 

106.  Oa  and  ou,  have  sometimes  the  sound  of  au,  in  which  cases, 

they  should  expressed  by  the  same  characters,  writing   ^^—   braut, 

for  brought,    — ^—    thaut,  for  thought,  &c. 

107.  The  long  sound  of  e,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  is  represent- 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  47 

ed  thus  °\  ,  as  In    V    ear,    <\_  eat,  &c. 

108.  The  short  sound  of  e,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  is  represent- 
ed thus  ^  as  in  i_  egg,  ^/^  earn,  &c. 

109.  The  long  or  short  sound  of  e  when  preceded  by  other  charac- 
ters, may  be  represented  thus  N  or  ^  ,  as  may  be  most  conveniently 
joined,  as  in  °V   der,  for  dear  and  deer,    V    rer,  for  rear,  -J(  tre, 

for  .tree,    *^~    poet,  ff^\~    comet,    c^~.    diet,  &c. 

110.  E,  must  be  substituted  for  the  diphthongs  ea,  ee,  ei,  ey,  i,  and 
y  in  such  words  as  beast,  beer,  ceil,  key,  liege,  &c. 

111.  /having  the  sound  of  e  in  such  words  as  fatigue,  intrigue, 
marine,  fancy,  mercy,  memory,  £c.,  must  be  expressed  by  e. 

112.  The  long  diphthong  sound  of  i  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  as 

heard   in  ice,  idol,  £c.,  is   represented  thuso-,  as   in    0 — /^    iron, 
c ^  item,  &c. 

113.  The  short  sound  i  at  the  begsnning  of  a  word  is  represented 

thus  °—  ,  as  in  °~^  ink,  &c. 

114.  The  long  or  short  sound  of  i  when  preceded  by  other  charac- 
ters may  be  expressed  thus  c"-  or  thus  °— ,  as  in   <^—  for  die  or  dye, 

rid  for  pride,   -//     rid  for  ride,     s^fr-f~\    mmik  for  mimic, 

pnik  for  panic,  &c. 

115.  The  diphthongs  ei,  eye,  ie,  ui.  and  uy,  also  y,  and  ye  sounding 
like  *,  must  be  expressed  by   the  latter,  as  in  height,  lie,  lye,  guide, 
type,  by,  buy,  &c. 

116.  For  the  expression  of  oi  or  oy,  make  the  circle  or  ring  of  the 

characters  representing  i  twice   the  usual  size,  G~  and   **-  ,  as  in 

0-^s—   oint,   ^~L/     oyster,          |    noise,  &c. 

117.  The  long  open  sound  of  o,  as  heard  in  old,  open,  hope,  more, 

&c.,  is  represented    /  at  the  beginning  of  the  word,  and  thus  ft     or 
thus    «/    when  preceded  by  other  characters,  as  in  <f?  ode, 
mode,    ni\—    most,    \j/        note,  &c. 


48  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STEXOGRA.PHY,  OR 

118-  The  broad  and  short  sounds  of  o  as  heard  in  orbit,  order,  ob- 
ject, optics,  &c.,  are  represented  thus  J  at  the  beginning  of  words, 
and  like  the  long  open  o  thus  6  or  thus  *S  when  preceded  by  other 

characters,  as  in   orf   odd,    \~s       grot,  &c. 

119.  Oa,  oe,  oo,  ou,  ow,  ew  and  eau  sounding  like  long  open  o  in 
such  words  as  boar,  foe,  floor,  pour,  slow,  sew,  beau,  &c.,  must  be  ex- 
pressed by  the  same  characters, 

120-  The  long  close  o  and  oo  as  heard  in  lose,  loose,  move,  proye, 

room,  tool,  £c.,  must  be   expressed  thus  6   or  thus  &  t  making  the 
circle  or  ring,  portion  of  the  characters   twice  the  size  of  those  repre- 

senting the  long  open,  broad  and  short  sounds  of  o,  as  in  /O      moon, 

M 

O   \  soop  for  soup. 

121.  The  long  close  o  or  oo  must  be  substituted  for  the  diphthongs 
eu,  oe,  ou,  or  wo,  in   such   words  as   rheum,  canoe,  shoe,  croup,  soup, 
two,  £e. 

122.  The  long  sound  of  u,  is  represented  thus  at  the  begin- 

ning of  words  as  in  L*  -    unite  and    y\   usurp. 

123.  The  short  and  broad  sounds  of  u,  at  the  beginning  of  words 


are  represented  thus  \  ,  as  in        "  urge,    £-/    utter,  &C. 

124.  The  long,  short  and    broad    sounds   of  u  when  preceded  by 

other  characters  may  be  expressed  thus         or  thus  /°  ,  as  in   ^/  line, 

fi  pure,     L-/  tutor,         £.  gamut,  &c. 

125.  IT,  must  be  substituted  for  eu,  ew,  ue,  ieu   and  iew  in  such 
words  as  lieu,  few,  new,  glue,  view,  &c. 

126.  Ue,   must  be  omitted   in   such   words   as   fatigue,   intrigue. 
oblique,  &c., 

127.  The  sound  of  the   diphthongs  ou  and  ow,  as  heard  in  hour, 

sour,  power,  town.  &c.,  is  exeressed  thus  j>  or  thus  /$  ,  making  the 
circle  or  ring  portion  of  the  characters    twice  the  size  of  those  repre- 


senting u*  as  in    ^      pout,   -        thou,     L      town,  &c. 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  49 

128.  It  is  rarely  necessary  to  write  a  vowel  before  m,  n,  or  x,  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word,  as  in  embrace,  impose,  enchant,  invest,  expand, 
express,  <Src.,  the  letters  m,  n,  and  x  clearly  indicating  the  sound  of  the 
first  syllables  em,  im,  en,  in  ex,  &c. 

129.  When  a  vowel  character  is  used  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end 
of  a  word,  it  may  almost  invariably  be   understood  to  represent  the 
long  sound,  regardless  of  the  position  of  the  circle  or  ring,  that  is  to 
say,  whether  it  Is  on  the  right  or  left,  upper  or  under  side  of  stem  line 
as  base,  dare,  day,  nay,  ded,  red,  si,  tri,  mon. 

130.  When  two  vowel  characters  occur  in  successive  order  in  a 
word,  it  may  be  taken  for  granted  in   nine  cases  out  of  ten,  that  the 
first  vowel  has  a  long  sound,  and  the  second  a  short  sound,  as  in  Mas, 
diet,  duel,  duet,  lion,  poet,  stoic,  &c. 

131.  The  words  re-elect,  re-election  and  a  few  others  form  exceptions 
to  the  above  rule,  both  es  having  the  long  sound  ;  but  it  must  be  borne 
in  mind  that  only  one  is  written,  the  first  syllable  re,  being  expressed 


by  the  character  r  commencing  with  a  curve  or  hook,  thus  *  X  re  e- 

lect,  the  last  syllable  being  expressed  by  the  suffix  lect,  as  shown  in  a 
subsequent  page.  In  the  words  iodine,  iota,  and  some  other  words, 
both  vowels  have  the  long  sound. 

132.  It  being  seldom  necessary  to  express  the  short  sound  of  a 
vowel  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a  word,  as  before  stated,  it  admits 
of  the  use  of  the  characters  represented  the  short  sounds  of  the  vowels 
for  the  long  sounds  when  most  conveniently  joined  to  the  preceding 
characters. 


Application  of  the  Characters  when  written  singly. 

133.  It  will  be  observed  on  examination  of  the  following  tables  of 
Word  Signs,  that  each  of  what  are  termed  alphabetical  characters  is 
assigned  to  denote  a  few  words  of  frequent  occurrence,  of  which  it 
forms  the  initial  or  most  prominent  sound,  for  instance  I,  stands  for 
le,  been  and  J>y,  d  for  do,  does  and  done,  m  for  am,  me,  my  and  may.  It 
will  be  necessary  to  acquire  the  utmost  familiarity  with  the  words 
thus  expressed,  so  as  to  be  able,  on  hearing  any  of  them  spoken,  to 
note  down  the  proper  character  without  the  least  hesitation. 


50  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

134.  It  is  probably  that  this  application  of  the  characters  may  at 
first  strike  the  student  rather  unfavorably  ;  as  being  likely  to  produce 
confusion,  and  render  the  reading  of  Stenographic  manuscript  ex- 
tremely difficult,  such  however  will  not  prove  to  be  the  case,  the  num- 
ber of  worcs  so  represented  by  each  being  too  limited  to  occasion  any 
impediment,  for  the  context  will  always  point  out  the  words  they 
were  respectively  intended  to  express,  which  the  following  examples 
will  serve  to  illustrate.    In  the  sentence,  "TAe  bird  will  fly,'  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  character  representing  the  also  denotes  at  and  to  ;  and 
the  character  expressing  the  word  trill,  also  denotes  was  and  with,  but 
neither  of  the  other  words  can  be  put  together  to  make  common  sense. 
Again  in  the  expression  'Feed  my  sheep,"  the  character  representing 
my,  also  denotes  am,  me,  and  may,  but  who  is  there  that  would  tran- 
scribe the  three  words,  as  feed  am  sheep,  feed  me  sheep,  or  feed  may 
sheep  ? 

135.  Each  consonant,  vowel  and   diphthongal  sicn,  in  addition  to 
expressing  a  few  words  of  which  it  forms  the  initial  or  most  promi- 
nent sound,  by  annexing  simple  distinguishing  marks,  can  be  advan- 
tageously employed  to  express  other  words  of  common  occurrence, 
yet  less  frequent  than  those  in  Class  A.;   for  instance  the  sign  repre- 
senting g  <—  ,  in  Class  A.  denotes  go,  goes  and  gone  ;   while  in  Class 
B.  the  same  character  with  a  short  line  drawn  across  the  stem  line, 

thus  *+•  is  assigned  to  express  glory,  glorify,  glorious  and  gloriously. 
In  Class  C.  the  g  sign  with  a  short  line  drawn  across  the  terminal 

point  of  the  stem  line,  thus  <— |  is  assigned  to  express  the  words  genu- 
ine, genuinely  and  genuineness.  In  Class  D.  tlie  g  sign  with  a  very 
short  line  or  tick  drawn  down  from  the  terminal  point  of  the  stem 

line,  thus  t~~t,  will  express  the  words  gratuitous,  gratuitously,  and  grat- 
uity. In  Class  E  the  g  sign  with  a  very  short  line  or  tick  drawn  from 

the  centre  of  the  stem  line,  thus  s—  is  assigned  to  express  the  words 
gradual,  gradually  and  graduation.  In  Class  F.  of  Words  Signs,  the 
^/character  with  a  very  small  semi-circle  or  cresent-like  mark,  annexed 

to  the  terminal  point  of  the  stem  line,  thus  < ^    is  assigned  to  express 

the  words  grief,  grieve,  grievance,  grievous,  grievously,  &c.  The  semi- 
circle or  cresent-like  mark  in  this  class  may  be  turned  in  any  direction 
according  to  convenience  and  distinctness  of  combination. 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  51 

Proper  Names  to  be  Distinguished. 

136.  The  names  of  persons,  places,  etc.,  must  be  distinguished  as 
such,  from  other  words,  by  having  the  grave  accent  thus  v  placed 

\  V  \ 

over  them  as  in  (siLA*/  Byron,    g\  Pope,  r\^A_/  Manchester,  y 
\ 

s^ ,  New  York,  &c.    '1  he  vowel  o  can  be  readily  inserted  in  the  words, 
Byron  and  York,  if  preferred,  in  correspondence. 

137.  To  represent  the  letter  C,  as  the  initial  of  the  name  of  a  per- 
son, use  the  character  Ch,  with  the  grave  accent  placed  over  the  same, 

as  in  I/  /^x  ^f  C.  H.  Chase. 

138.  It  will  generally  be  sufficient  to  write  the  initial  or  leading- 
sound,  of  any  sacred  term  such  as  Lord,  God,  &c.,  but  they  must  be 
distinguished  as  such  Yy  placing  the  accute  accent  '  over  them,  thus 

/  /  /  ' 

~}    Lord,  c_l   God,     \    Almighty,  < —  Jesus,  r~y^  Jehovah.    ' 


Marks  of  Punctuation,  &c. 


139.  A  period  or  full  stop  is  denoted  by  a  small  cross  thus  x  and 
the  end  of  a  paragraph  ~by  a  double  cross  or  mark  thus  J     A  note  of 
Admiration  or  Exclamation  thus  "|",  and  a  note  of  Interrogation  thus 

-|-;    A  clash  by  two  commas,  thus  ,,  and  a  colon  and  dash  b>  three 
commas  thus  ,,, 

140.  The  comma,  semi-colon  and  colon,  also  quotation  marks  are 
denoted  by  the  marks  used  in  ordinary  long-hand  writing. 

141.  For  marginal  notes  and  notes  of  reference,  use  the  following 
marks  <•>  w  <    ;>  A  v  <  >  . 


52  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

Word  Signs — Class  A.  i. 

Tlio  Consonant  characters  and  t'.ic  words  they  respectively  denote. 


142. 

B 

c 

Be,  T">een,  by. 

143. 

I) 

/ 

Do,  dots,  done. 

144. 

P 

jQ 

For,  of. 

145, 

F 

Q\ 

From,  if. 

146. 

0 

^ 

Go,  goes,  gone. 

147. 

11 

^ 

Has,  hast,  have. 

148. 

11 

^_s 

He,  had,  hadst. 

149. 

J 

c- 

Judge,-d,  judges,  just. 

150. 

K 

tf^ 

Can,  canst,  know,  knows. 

151. 

K 

e^ 

Could,  couldst,  knew,  known. 

152. 

L 

} 

All,  like,  likes,  likely. 

153. 

M 

n 

Am,  me,  my,  may. 

154. 

N 

^> 

In,  on,  no. 

155. 

P 

\ 

Praise,  praj  ,  prays. 

156. 

Q 

1 

Quiet,  quietly,  quietness,  quantity. 

157. 

11 

S 

Are,  art,  or. 

158. 

S 

1 

As,  is,  us. 

159. 

T 

— 

To,  at,  the. 

160. 

V 

e 

Very,  verily. 

161. 

V 

2 

Virtue,  virtuous,-ly,-ness. 

1C2. 

w 

<n 

Was,  with,  will. 

163. 

w 

e^ 

We  were,  would. 

164. 

X 

*\     i  Exceed,  exceeds,  except,  excepts. 

105. 

X 

^ 

Expect,  expects,  example  ,-s. 

166. 

Y 

/ 

Ye,  you,  your,  yours. 

167. 

rj 

r 

Zeal,  zealou?,-ly,  zealousness. 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND. 


53 


Word  Signs — Class  A.  2. 

The  Double  Consonant  characters  and  the  words  they  respectively  denote. 


168. 

Ch 

</ 

Much,  such. 

169. 

Sh 

/ 

Shall,  shalt. 

170. 

Sh 

\ 

Should,  shouldst. 

171. 

Th 

.  

Thee,  they,  that. 

172. 

Wh 

r 

Why,  which. 

The  Vowels  and  Diphthongs,  and  the  words  they  denote. 

173. 

A 

i 

A,  any,  alone. 

174. 

A 

p 

Again,  against. 

175. 

Ah 

9 

Ah,  ay,  aye. 

176. 

Ah 

P 

Among,  amongst. 

177. 

Au 

<\ 

Awe,  alway,  always. 

278. 

Au 

o 

Also,  although. 

170. 

E 

^w 

Even,  evil,  evils. 

180. 

E 

ft 

Ever,  every. 

181. 

I 

£J  '"" 

[,  eye,  eyes. 

182. 

It,  its,  itself. 

183. 

Oi 

cr- 

Destroy  ,-ed,-s,-in£j. 

184. 

Oi 

Q_ 

Employ,  -ed,-s,-er,  ii)g,-ment. 

185. 

o 

d 

0,  oh,  owe,  owing,  only. 

18G. 

0 

c/ 

Off,  oft,  often. 

187. 

Oo 

o 

Who,  whom,  whose. 

188. 

Oo 

C/ 

Other,  others,  otherwise. 

189. 

D 

? 

Usual,  usually,  usualness. 

190. 

u 

x° 

Up,  upon,  upwaids. 

191. 

Ou 

9 

SI 

Hour,  hours,  hourly. 

192. 

Oil          f 

Our,  ours,  ourselves. 

54  TOWXDROWS  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STKXOGRAPHY,  OR 

Word  Signs— Class  B.  i. 

The  Consonant  with  cross-line,  and  the  -words  they  denote. 


193. 

B 

•e 

Between,  betwixt. 

194. 

D         /- 

Dividers,  divided,  divuliu^. 

19o, 

F         •£ 

Facetious,  facetiously,  facetiousness. 

196. 

F          9- 

Father,  fatherly. 

197. 

G 

H- 

Glory,  glorify  ,-ing,  glorious,  &c. 

198. 

H 

^ 

Heaven,  heavenly,  heavenward. 

199. 

H 

Holy,  holily,  holiness. 

200. 

J 

Judicatory,  judicature,  judiciaiy. 

201. 

K 

tfK 

Knowing,  knowingly,  knowledge. 

202. 

K 

QL/ 

Acknowledge,-d,-ing,  acknowledgement. 

2C3. 

L 

}- 

Love,-s,  loved,  lover,  loviug,-ly. 

204. 

M 

/n 

Might,-ily,  mighty,  mightiness. 

205. 

N 

y 

Xatural,-ly,-ize,-izing,-izatlon. 

206. 

P 

\ 

Peace,  -able,-ableness,-ably,-ful,-fully. 

207. 

Q 

^ 

Question,-able,-ed,-ing,  &c. 

208. 

R 

J? 

iational,-ly,  rationality,  &c. 

209. 

S 

-t 

Spirit,-s,-ed,  spiritual,-ly,-ity,  &c. 

210. 

T 

H- 

Testify  ,-ed,-ing,  testification,  testimony. 

211. 

V 

Valid,  validity,  validly. 

212. 

V 

5- 

Vitiate,  -d,-s,  vitiating,  vitiation. 

213. 

W 

<fK 

Workman  ,-ly,  -like,  workmanship. 

214. 

W 

V 

Worship,-s,-ed,-ing,  worshipful  ,-ly,  &c. 

215. 

X 

^V 

2xaggerate,-d,-ing,  exaggeration  . 

216. 

X 

-ST 

Exquisite,  exquisitely. 

217. 

Y 

/ 

Young,-er,-est,  youngish,  youngling. 

218. 

Z 

/> 

Zodiac,  zodiacal. 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITIXG  SHORT-HAND. 

Word  Signs— Class  B.  2. 

The  Double  Consonants  with  short  cress-line,  and  the  -words  they  denote. 


219. 

Ch 

s- 

Charity,  charitable,  charitableness. 

220. 

Sli 

/- 

Sheriff,  sheriffalty. 

221. 

Sh 

\ 

Shrievalty,  shrinkage. 

2°*' 

Th 

__,  

Thank,-s,-ed,  thankful,-ly,-ness. 

223. 

Wh 

* 

While,  whilst,  awhile. 

The  Vowels  with  cross-line,  and  the  words  they  denote. 

224. 

A 

9. 

Alien,  alienable,  alienate. 

225. 

A 

f 

Agency,  agent,  agentship. 

22G. 

Ah 

$ 

Alternate,  alternately,  alternation. 

227. 

Ah 

f 

Accept,-s,-ed,-ance,-ation,  acceptable,  ire- 

228. 

Au 

^ 

Auspices,  auspicious,  auspiciously. 

229. 

Au 

^ 

Authority,  authorize,-  d,»s,  authorization. 

230. 

E 

^ 

Equivocal.-ly,  equivocate,  equivocation,  <fec. 

231.  i   i: 

\ 

Especial,  especially. 

232. 

T 

<rr- 

Irascible,  irascibleness,  irascibility,  &c. 

23  3. 

I 

<4- 

Immediate,-ly,  inimediateness. 

234. 

Ci 

C)  i 

Appoint,-  s,-ed,-ing,  appointable,  &c. 

235. 

Oi 

Ql_ 

Avoid,-s,-ecl,-ing,  avoidable,  avoidance. 

236. 

O 

^ 

Orient,  oriental,  orientalism,  .to. 

237. 

0 

0* 

Officially,  officiate,-d.-ing. 

238. 

Oo 

if 

Whomsoever,  whosoever. 

239. 

Oo 

^ 

Ooze,  oozed,  oozes,  oozing,  £e. 

240. 

U 

?- 

Universe,  universally,  universality,  <S,v. 

241. 

u. 

-f 

Upright,  uprightly,  uprightness. 

242. 

Ou 

f- 

Ontlaw,-s,-ed,  outlawing,  outlawrj*. 

243. 

Ou 

* 

Outrage.-d^s.-ing,  outrageous,  -ly. 

56  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

Word  Signs— Class  C.  i. 

The  Consonants  with  terminal  cross-lines,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


244. 

B 

o 

Brilliancjr,  brilliant,  brilliantly. 

245, 

D 

-/ 

Delicacy,  delicate,-ly,  delicateness. 

246. 

P 

$ 

Familiar  ,-ly,  familiarity,  familiarize. 

247. 

F 

Fanatic,  -al,  -ally,  fanaticism. 

248. 

G 

•M 

Genuine,  genuinely,  genuineness. 

249. 

H 

n. 

Hereditary,  hereditarily,  hereditament,  &c. 

250. 

11 

^r 

Hieroglyph,  hieroglyphic,-al,  &c. 

251. 

J 

<rH 

Jealous,  jealously,  jealousy. 

252. 

K 

<n_ 

Casual,  casually,  casualty. 

253. 

K 

vr 

Catechise  ,-d,-r,-Ing,  catechism,  &c. 

254. 

L 

P 

Languid,  languidly,  languidness. 

255. 

M 

(0- 

Malevolence,  malevolent,  malevolently. 

256. 

N 

±y 

Xourish,-ed,-s,  nourishing,  nourishment. 

257. 

P 

V 

Panegyric,-al,  panegyrize,-d,-inj. 

253. 

Q 

1 

Qualify,-ing,-able,  qualification. 

25  9  > 

11 

£ 

Reciprocal,  -ly,  reciprocate,  reciprocity. 

260. 

S 

1 

Sacrilege,  sacrilegious,-ly,-ness. 

261. 

T 

~H 

Tacit,  tacitly,  taciturn,  taciturnity. 

2G2. 

V 

§ 

Vacillate,-d,-ing,  vacillation. 

263. 

V 

? 

Versatile,  Versatility. 

264. 

W 

(TV 

WeaUh,-y,  wealthily,  wealthiness. 

265. 

W 

<ijr 

Weary,  wearily,  weariness. 

266. 

X 

*v 

Exasperate,-s,-d,-ing,  exasperation. 

267. 

X 

L 

Exception,  -able  ,-al,  excepting. 

268. 

Y 

J 

Yeoman,  yeomanry. 

269. 

Z 

j? 

Zoography,  zoographic,  zoographical. 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND. 


57 


Word  Signs — Class  C.  2. 

The  Double  Consonants  with  terminal  cross-lines,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


270. 

Ch 

J7"      Challenge^dj-Sj-ing,  challengeable. 

271. 

Sh 

_/ 

Shabby,  shabbily,  shabbiness. 

272. 

Sh 

^^ 

Shagged,-ness,  shaggy,  shagginess,  &c. 

273. 

Th 

1 

Theatre,  theatric,  theatrical,-ly. 

274. 

Wh 

I 

Whimsey,  whimsical,  lty,-ly,-ness. 

The  Vowels  with  terminal  cross-lines,  and  the  words  they  denote. 

275. 

A 

I 

Arraign,-s,-ed,-ing,  arraignment. 

276. 

A                  P 

A           JL 

Assuage,-s,-d,-ment,  assuasive. 

277. 

Ah 

3_ 

Arbitrary  ,-ly,  arbitrate,-s,  arbitration. 

278, 

Ah 

£ 

A.ccount.-s,-ed,-ing,  accountable,-bility,  &c. 

279. 

Au 

*L 

Alter,-able,-ably,  alteration,  alterative,  &c. 

280. 

Au 

1. 

Awkward,  awkwardly,  awkwardness. 

281. 

E 

V 

Ejaculate,-d,-ing,  ejaculation. 

282. 

E 

t 

Efficience,-y,  efficient,-ly,  &c. 

283. 

I 

<H 

[dealism,  idealist,  ideality. 

284. 

I 

0_| 

Idiocy,  idiot,  idiotic,-al. 

285. 

Oi 

<H 

Boisterous,  boisterously,  boisterousness. 

286. 

Oi 

CM 

Poison,-s,-ed,-er,  poisoning,  poisonous. 

287. 

0 

<T 

Origin,-al,-ally,  originality,  &c. 

288. 

0 

<7~ 

ObjectrS.-edj-ing,  objection,  -able,  &c. 

289. 

Oo 

& 

Book,-s,-ed,  booking. 

290. 

Oo 

cf 

Boom,  boomed,  boo  .rang. 

291. 

U 

± 

Ubiquity,  ubiquitary,  ubiquitous. 

292. 

U 

£ 

Ulcerate,-d,  ulcerating,  ulceration. 

293. 

Ou 

I 

Outer,-most,  outward,-Jy,-ness. 

294. 

Ou 

j? 

Browse,  browsed,  browsing. 

58  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

Word  Signs— Class  D.  i. 

The  Consonants  with  terminal  ticks,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


295. 

B 

(" 

Beneficial,  beneficially,  beneficiary. 

29G. 

D 

/ 

Discredit,  -s,-ed,-iug,  discreditable. 

297. 

F 

? 

Fascinate,-s,-ed,  fascinating,  fascination. 

298. 

F 

? 

Fastidious,-ly,  fastidiousness,  fastidiosity. 

299. 

G 

H 

Gratuitous,  gratuitously,  gratuity. 

300. 

H 

rx 

History,  historic,-al,-al!y,  historian. 

301. 

H 

^r 

Horticulture,  horticultural,  horticulturist. 

303. 

J 

<  —  i 

Jeopard,-y,-ous,  jeopardize,-d,-ing. 

303. 

K 

C7V. 

Character,-ize,-istic,  characteristical, 

304. 

K 

e>r 

Chimera,  chimerical,-ly,  chimericalness. 

305. 

L 

p 

Literary,  literate,  literature,  literati. 

306. 

M 

r\- 

Miscellany,  miscellaneous. 

307. 

N 

U- 

Notify,  notifying,  notification. 

308. 

P 

V. 

Patriot,  patriotic,-al,-ally,  patriotism. 

309. 

Q 

1 

Quiesce,  quiescence,  quiescent. 

310. 
311. 

R 

S 

L 

ieiterate,-d,-s,-ing,  reiteration- 
Sacrifice  ,-d  ,-s  ,-ing,  sacrificial  . 

312. 

T 

—  i 

Terrestrial,  terrestrially. 

313. 

V 

^ 

Valiant,  valiantly,  valiantness. 

314. 

V 

? 

Vehemence,  vehement,  vehemently. 

315. 

W 

& 

Walk,-s.-ed,-er,  walkable,  walking. 

316. 

W 

*s- 

Worthy,  worthily,  worthiness. 

317. 

X 

V 

Exclusion,  exclusively,  exclusiveness. 

318. 

X 

1 

Execrable,-ness,  execrate,-d,  execration. 

319. 
320. 

Y 
Z 

Z 
<? 

Yield,-s,  yielded,  yielding. 
Zoology,  zoological,  zoologist. 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HANB. 

Word  Signs — Class  D.  2. 

The  Double  Consonants  with  terminal  ticks,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


321. 

Ch 

J 

Chastise,-d,-s,-ing,-able,  chastisement. 

322. 

Sh 

/ 

Shelf,  shelves,  shelved,  shelving. 

323. 

Sh 

\_ 

Shred,  shredding. 

324. 

Th 

, 

Theism,  theist,  theistlc,-al. 

325. 

Wh 

c 

Whine,  whined,  whining. 

The  Vowels  with  terminal  ticks,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


326. 

A 

1 

Aerate,-d,-iug,  aeriform,  aerification. 

327. 

A 

1! 

Aerology,  aerometer,  aerometry. 

328. 

Ah 

<L 

Artifice,  artificer,  artificial  ,-ly. 

329. 

Ah 

e 

Assiduous,  assiduously,  assiduity. 

330. 

Au 

<v 

Augur,-ea,  augural,  auguring. 

331. 

Au 

t. 

Austere,  austerely,  austerity. 

332. 

E 

<N- 

Elicit,  elicited,  eliciting. 

333. 

E 

L 

Ellipse,  elliptic,-al,-ally,  ellipticity. 

334. 

I 

o->     Identical,-ly,  identify,-ed,-ing,  identity. 

335. 

I 

o—,     Imagine,-d,-s,-ing,-able,  imaginary. 

336. 

Oi 

cn     Embroider,-ed,-ing,  embroidery. 

337. 

Oi 

<H 

Embroil,  -ed,-s,-ing,  embroilment. 

338. 

O 

(^ 

Opinion,-s,-ated,  opinionative. 

339. 

0 

</*    pbligCj-dj-Sj-ing,  obligate,-  d,  -ing,  &c. 

340. 

Oo 

()        Brood,-s,  brooded,  brooding. 

341. 

Oo 

&       Droop,-s,  drooped,  drooping. 

342. 

*-       Unanimity,  unanimous,  unanimously. 

343. 

jP      Ultimate,-d,-ing,-ly,  ultimatum. 

344. 

2_      Crowd,-s,  crowded,  crowding. 

345. 

()a        2r      Crown,-s,  ed.  crowned,  crowning. 

60  TOWXDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OP  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

Word  Signs— Class  E.  i. 

The  Consonants  •with  adjunct  ticks,  and  the  \rords  they  denote. 


346. 

B 

€ 

Brutal  ,-ly,  brutalize,  -d.-in^,  brutality. 

347. 

D 

/ 

Discrepance,  discrepancy,  discrepant. 

348. 

F 

€ 

Formal  ,-ly,  formality,  formalism. 

349. 

F 

5- 

Frigid,-ly,  frigidity,  frigidness. 

350. 

G 

V 

Gradual,  gradually,  graduation. 

351. 

H 

^n 

Hypochondria,  hypochondriac. 

352. 

H 

V 

Hypocrisy,  hypocrite,  hj-pocritical,-ly 

353. 

J 

CT— 

Jesuit,  jesuitic,-al,-ally,  Jesuitism. 

354. 

K 

<m 

Cognizable,  cognizance,  cognizant. 

355. 

K 

V 

Conscientious,  -ly,  conscientiousness. 

356. 

L 

> 

Legislate,-d,-ing,  legislation,  legislature. 

357. 

II 

/n 

Metaphor  ,-ic,  metaphorical,  -ly. 

358. 

X 

V 

Noxious,  noxiously,  noxiousness. 

359. 

P 

V 

Period,  periodic,-al,-ally,  periodicity. 

360. 

Q 

f 

Quadruple,-d,-ing,  quadruplicate,-d,-ing. 

361. 

11 

** 

Residual,  residuary,  residue,  &c. 

362. 

S 

1- 

Substantiate,-d,-ing,  substantiation. 

363. 

T 

_- 

Territory,  territorial. 

364. 

V 

€ 

Vouch,  -ed,-es,  vouching,  voucher. 

565. 

V 

3- 

Vouchsafe,  vouchsafed,  vouchsafing. 

366. 

W 

<m 

Warrant,  -ed,-ing,  warrantable. 

367. 

w 

V 

Walch,-es,-ed,-ing,  watchful,-ly,-ness. 

368. 

X 

\ 

Exhilarate,-d  ,-i  ng,  exhilaratio  n  . 

369. 

X 

V 

Exorbitance  ,-y,  exorbitant. 

370. 

Y 

^ 

Year,  years,  yearly,  yearling. 

371. 

Z 

/ 

Zinc,  zincous,  zinceferous. 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND. 


Word  Signs— Class  E.  2. 

The  Double  Consonants  with  adjunct  ticks,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


372. 

Ch 

</ 

Charge,-d,-s,-ing,  chargeable,-ness. 

373. 

Sh 

f 

Shrewd,  shrewdly,  shrewness. 

374. 

Sh 

\ 

Shrive,  shrived,  shriving. 

375. 

Th 

—  i— 

Theory,  theorize,  theoretic,-al,-ally. 

376. 

Wh 

f 

Wharf,  wharfage,  wharfinger. 

The  Vowels  with  adjunct  ticks,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


377. 
378, 
379. 
380. 
381. 
382. 
383. 
384. 
385. 
386. 
387. 
388. 
389. 
390. 
391. 
392. 
393. 
394. 
395. 
39G. 


A 
A 

Ah 
Ah 
Au 

Au 

E 

E 

I 

I 

Oi 

Oi 

0 

O 

Oo 

Oo 

D 

U 

Ou 

Ou 


Aerostat,  aerostatic. 
Amiable,  amiability,  amiableness. 
Architect,-ive,  architecture,-al,-ally. 
Ameliorate,-s,-d,-ing,  amelioration. 
Authentic,-al,  authenticate,-d,-ing,  authenticity. 
Audacious,  audaciously,  audacity. 
Emaciate,-d,  emaciating,  emaciation. 
Ecstasy,  ecstatic,  ecstatical. 

Idolatry,  idolatrous,  idolize,-d,-ing. 
Initiate, -d, -ing,  initiation,  &c. 
Enjoin,  enjoined,  enjoining. 
Enjoy ,-s,-ed,  enjoying,  enjoyment. 
Obedience,  obedient,  obediently. 
Obsequious,  obsequiously,  obsequiousness. 
Fooled,  fooling,  foolish,-ly,-ness. 
Gloom,-y,-ing,  gloomily,  gloominess. 
jUnison,  unisonance,  unisonant. 
Ultra,  ultraism,  ultraist. 
Drown,  drowned,  drowning. 
Proud,  prouder,  proudest,  proudly. 


TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STKXOfJRAPHY,  OR 


Word  Signs— Class  F.  i. 

t 

The  Consonants  with  terminal  cresents,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


397. 
898. 
,399. 
400. 
401. 
402. 
403. 
404. 
405. 
400. 
407. 
408. 
409. 
410. 
411. 
412. 
413. 
414. 
415. 
416. 
417. 
418. 
419. 
420. 
42 1 . 
422 


B 
D 
F 
F 

G 
H 
H 
J 
K 
K 
L 
M 
N 
P 

Q 

11 

S 

T 

V 

V 

W 

W 

X 

X 

Y 

I 


V 
V 


Bankruptcy,  bankrupted,  ing. 
Dissuade,-d,-ing,  dissuasion. 
Fluctuate,-d,-ing,  fluctuation. 
Frustrate, -d,-ing,  frustration. 
Grief,  grieve,  grievance,  grievous,-ly. 
Hypothecate,-d,-ing,  hypothecation. 
Hypothesis,  hypothetic,  hypothetical, -ly. 
Journal,-ism,  journalist,  journalize. 
Constituency,  constituent,  constituents. 
Credible, -ness,  credibly,  credibility. 
Legitimacy,  legitimate,-ly,  legitimation. 
Meteorology,  meteorological,  meteorologist. 
Xutriment,-al,  nutrition,  nutritive. 
Perpetrate,-tl,-s,-ing,  perpetration. 
Quarrel,-s,-ed,-ing,  quarrelous,  quarrelsome. 
Ritual,-ism,  ritualist,  ritualistic. 
Susceptible,  susceptibility. 
Treachery,  treacherously,  treacherousness. 
Vituperate,  vituperation,  vituperative. 
Vivid,  vividly,  vividness. 
Wicked,  wickedly,  wickedness. 
Wonder,-ful, -fully,  wonderment,  wondrous,-ly. 
Explicit,  explicitly,  explicitness. 
Expostulare,-s,-d,-ing,  expostulation. 
Youth,  youthful.-ly,  youthfulness. 
Zemindar,  zemindary. 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAXD. 


63 


Word  Signs— Class  F.  2. 

The  Double  Consonants  with  terminal  crescnts,  and  the  words  they  denote. 


423. 

Ch 

/ 

Charter,-s,  chartered,  chartering. 

424. 

Sh 

/ 

Shrub,  shrubbery,  shrubby. 

425. 

Sh 

\ 

Shrug,  shrugged,  shrugging. 

426. 

Th 

u 

Thorough,  thoroughly,  thoroughness. 

427. 

Wh 

£ 

Whirl,-s,  whirled,  whirling. 

The  Vowels  with  terminal  cresents,  and  the  words  they  denote. 

428. 

A 

I 

Assail  ,-s,-ed,-ing,-able,  assailment. 

429. 

A 

£ 

Avail  ,-s-ed,-ing,-able,  availability. 

430. 

Ah 

h        Aristocracy,  aristocrat,  aristocratic. 

431. 

Ah 

e 

Anarchy,  anarchic.-al,  anarchist. 

432. 

Au 

<v 

Autocracy,  autocrat,  autocratic. 

433. 

Au 

?» 

Automatic,  automatical,  automaton. 

434. 

E 

V 

Electric,-al,  electrician,  electricity. 

435. 

E 

^ 

Espouse,  -d,  espousing,  espousal. 

436. 

I 

or 

Itineracy,  itinerant,  itinerate. 

437. 

I 

0^ 

Iterate,-d,-s,-ing,  iteration,  iterative. 

438. 

Oi 

crc 

Annoy  ,-ed,-ing,  annoyance,  annoyous. 

439. 

Oi 

o< 

Annoint,-s,-ed,  annointing,  annointment. 

440. 

0 

<f 

Odoious,  odoriferous. 

441. 

O 

<s- 

Obstruct,-s,-ed,  obstructing,  obstruction. 

442. 

Oo 

<f 

Loose,  loosing,  loosely,  looseness. 

443. 

Oo 

a" 

Proof,  prove  ,-d,  proving,  provable. 

444. 

U 

^ 

Usurp,-  sd,  -s,  usurping,  usurpa.ion. 

445. 

U 

x° 

Urgence,-y,  urgent,  urgently,  urging. 

446.       Ou 

% 

Prowl,  -s,-ed,  prowler,  prowling. 

447- 

Ou 

f 

Shroud,  -el,  shrouds,  shrouding. 

64  TOWNDBOW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 


Supplementary  Signs. 


The  words  they  denote  -when  standing  alone. 

448. 

• 

An,  and. 

449. 

0 

One,  ones,  once. 

450. 

L 

Et  cetera,  &c. 

451. 

^ 

Xamely,  Viz. 

452. 

-c 

Via,  by  way  of. 

453. 

( 

Belong,-?,  -ed,  belonging. 

454. 

c 

Being,  being  understood. 

455. 

) 

Large,-r,-est,  largely,  largeness. 

456. 

^ 

Enlarge,-d,-s,-in£,  enlargement. 

457. 

^" 

Already,  altogether. 

458. 

0 

Measure,-d,-s,-able,-ably,-ing. 

459. 

^ 

Pleasure,-s,-ing,  pleasurable. 

460. 

o> 

Behold,  -s,  beholding. 

461. 

o 

Beheld,  beholden. 

462. 

r 

O'clock,     o  A.  M.     O.  r.  M. 

463. 

£ 

Yesterday. 

464. 

-^ 

Yesterday  morning. 

465. 

-£ 

Yesterday  noon. 

466. 

4 

Yesterday  afternoon. 

467. 

-rj*' 

Day  after  to-morrow. 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  65 

Repetition  of  Words,  &c. 


468.  A  dash  thus  drawn  under  a  word  or  phrase,  denotes 

an  immediate  repetition  of  the  same,  as  in  the   following  examples  : 

s 

My      God,     my-God ;      Turn    ye,    turn-ye ; 

X  /  ~  •  3  *  Praise  ye  the  Lord,  praise-ye-the-Lord. 

469.  When  a  word  is  repeated  three  times,  write  it  once  by  its 
proper  characters,  then  draw  two  dashes  or  lines  immediately  under 

the  same,  thus  ^=  Glory,  glory,  glory  •    =L  Holy,  holy,  holy ;   O^ 
Hark,  hark,  hark,  &c. 

470.  When  a  preposition  or  conjunction  intervenes;   the  repeti- 
tion, together  with  the  preposition  or  conjunction  may  te  expressed 

by  placing  a  dash  or  line  terminating  with  hook  thus    =»    under 

°>  </ 

the  word  so  repeated,  as  in    — =   Ever  and-ever  ;     ti-4      From  day 

to-day,  &c. 


Words  of  Contrary  Signification. 


471.  An  oblique  line,  twice  the  length  of  the  character  represent- 
ing d,  extending  as  much  below,  as  above  the  writing  line,  when  plac- 
ed immediately  after  a  word,  expresses  another  word  of  opposite  mean- 
ing, preceded  by  and,  to  or  till,  as  in  the  following  examples,  fJ7 
Good  and-bad  ;    \/  Day  and-night ;       "*/  From  top  to-bottom ; 

3/"Y/     From  morn  tilt-night. 

472.  An  oblique  line  with  a  small  curve  or  hook  on  the  right  hand 
side  placed  Immediately  after  a  word,  is  used  to  express  another  word 
of  opposite  meaning  joined  with  the  former  by  the  conjunction  or,  as 


66  TOWXDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

in  ^o~l    High  or-low  '}    /y      Rich  or-poor,  »fcc. 


473.  When  a  word  is  followed  l>y  another  of  contrary  significa- 
tion, without  a  preposition  or  conjunction  intervening  ;  write  the  first 
word  in  the  usual  way,  then  express  the  antithesis  and  conjunction  by 
an  oblique  line  with  a  curve  or  hook  on  the  left  side,  as  in  the  follow- 

ing example  '/^    .      ^~~'  ,  Men,  women  and  children. 


The  Negative  particles  Dis,  II,  Im,  In,  Ir,  Un,  &c. 

474.  These  may  be  expressed  by  a  simple  oblique  line,  twice  the 
length  of  the  character  representing  d,  extending  equally  above  and 
below  the  writing  line,  and  placed  immediately  before  the  remainder 

of  the  word,  as  in  /-A—  dis-trust  ;    /rvO  Amoral  ;    /°\ 


un-even; 
?m-kind,  &c. 


The  Prefixes,  Circum,  Over  and  Under. 


475.  The  prefix  Circum,  is  expressed   by  a  very  small  circle  or 


ring,  thus  °  placed  immediately  before  the  remainder  of  the  word,  as 

in    <r9~Z.  circumscribe  ;       <TL_  circumspect  ;    *  ^^1  circumstance,  &c, 

476.  A  very  small  circle  or  ring,  when  placed  immediately  over  a 

9-j  ° 

word,  denotes  the  prefix  over  as  in  '  '    override  ;      •  —  o^   overtake  ; 

o 

A^  overturn,  &c. 

477.  The  same  small  circle  or  ring,  when  placed  immediately  un- 

der  a  word  denotes  the  prefix  under,  as  in     o       under-go  ; 
der-Yme  ;      o      tinder-take,  &c. 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAXD.  67 

Suffixes  expressed  by  Arbitrary  Signs. 

478.  Ing,  forming  A  distinct  syllable  at  the  end  of  a  word,  is  ex- 
pressed by  adding  a  small  curve  or  hook  to  the  terminal  of  the  last 


character,  as  in     ->  \}'-ing  ;    <^        morn-iny  ;  ^srend-incf,  &c. 

479.  Ingly,  or  ingness,  at  the  end  of  a  word,  may  also  be  expressed 
by  the  small  curve  or  hook,  as  the  context  will  always  readily  point 
out  the  termination  it  was  intended  for,  as  in  the  following  sentences  : 
I  am  \\i\\-ing  to  do  that  for  you.     I  \v\\\-ingly  consent  to  the  arrange- 
ment.   There  was  a  \vill-inyness  manifested  on  their  part  in  the  mat- 
ter. 

480.  When  cean,  cion,  sion,  tion,  ceous,  cious  or  tious  having  the 
sound  of  shan,  shen,  shun  or  shus  occurs  at  the  end  of  the  word,  it  is  ex~ 
pressed  by  adding  a  very  small  circle  or  ring  to  the  terminal  point  of 

the  last  character,  as  in    'o      mo-tion  ;     ^s    detention  ;    oA_o  op- 

L^  V? 

\\-cian  ;          °    gr&-cwus  ;        ^o     pre-cwus. 

481.  When  dan,  cion,  sion,  tion,  ceous,  cims  or  tious  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  is  followed  by  al,  ate,  ately,  ateness  or  ly  such  extended  or  double 
termination,  may  be  expressed  by  the  same  small  curve  or  ring,  leav- 

ing the  context  to  point  out  the  word  intended,  wiiting      cf      for  na- 

tion  or  na  tional  ;      rf     for  pas-siow,  \>i\s>-8ionatc  or  pas  sionately  ;     ^d 
fre-cious,  pre-ciously,  pre-ciousness.    As  a  distinctive  mark  of  these  ex- 
tended terminations,  a  dot  can  be  place;!  beneath  the  terminal  ring. 

482.  Cision,  sician,  sition,  (sizJiun,  z'ulian  and  ziihun)  are  expressed 
by  adding  a  loop,  circle  or  ring  twice   the  size  of  that  used  for  sion, 
tion,  &c.,  to  the  terminal  point  of  the  last  character,  forming  such  cir- 

cle or  ring  in  the  most  convenient  and  distinct  direction  as  in      o 

de-cmon  ;      <y      mu-siciaws  ;       f     -position  ;        °d     i>hy-$icia»,  (fe- 
zisliari). 

483.  When  the  termination  sition  (zishun)  is  followed  by  ist  or  ists, 
denote  such  addition  or  extension  of  the  termination  sition,  by  placing 
a  dot  or  qualifying  point  under  the  circle  or  ring,  thus     <y/%?    oppo- 

sitionist. 


68  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

484.  The  terminations  self  and  selves,  are  expressed  by  drawing  a 
very  short  perpendicular  or  s  line  under  the  personal  pronoun,  as  in 

f*    myself;       v    -  thyself;    ^   themselves,  &c. 

485.  The  terminations  ship  and  ships,  are  likewise  expressed  by 
drawing  a  very  short  perpendicular  or  s  line  under  the  characters  which 
precede,  as  in  &f/  friendsliijf;  s~vf  hardship),  &c. 

486.  The  suffixes  or  terminations  lessly,  lessness  and  liness,  are  ex- 
pressed by  the  Z  chaiacter,  with  a  dot  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  semi- 
circle, thus   -^    instead  of  placing  the  dot  as  a  qualifying  point  under 
the  I  according  to  the  general  rule  set  forth  in  a  subsequent  pagi.    Ex- 
amples,   <rv^)    for  carelessly  or  carelessness ;      ~^-Q   for  loneliness ; 

^  manliness.  This  method  of  applying  the  Z  character  for  the 
suffixes  lessly,  lessness  and  liness,  is  in  order  to  distinguish  it  from  ' 
when  used  to  express  the  suffixes  lect,  lective,  lence,  lency,  lent  and  lent' 
ly. 

487.  The  simple  terminations  ly  and  less,  may  be  expressed  by  an 

6  ,-^j 

I  character  of  half  its  usual  size,  thus  )  as  in      V*     barely ; 

manly  ;    d"v°    careless,  &c.,  or  by  writing  Is  for  less,  and  le  for  ly. 

438.  The  terminations  sier,  zier,  sure  and  zure.,  when  sounding  like 
zher  or  zhur  are  expressed  by  either  of  the  zk  characters,  thus  /)  or  ^ 
without  any  qualifying  points  as  O'"3  hosier;  ^  or  b>  azure; 

^3    leisure. 

489-  The  terminations    iote,  tittte,  &c.,  are  expressed  by  either  of 

the  two  upper  segments  of  a  large  circle  or  ring  (—  -)  Nos.  1  and  2. 
The  first  one  of  which  is  made  by  an  up-stroke,  and  the  other  one,  No. 

2,  by  a  down-stroke,  as  in  <fl  for  associate,  associates  and  associ- 
ated ;  N^""  depre-ciate,  depre-ciated  and  denre-ciates;  ^—  expa- 
tiate,  e-xpa-tiated  and  expa-tiates,  <tc.  If  either  of  the  terminations 
date  or  tiate  is  followed  by  ing  or  lion,  such  extended  termination  may 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  69 

be  expressed  by  the  same  characters  with  the  qualifying  point  or  dot 

beneath,  as  in     C"\      for  asso-ciating  or  asso  elation;       vy»    for  (je_ 


pre-ciating  or  depre-ciation;  |r  for  expsi-tiating  or  expz-tiation,  &c. 
490.  The  terminations  tual,  tuate,  tune,  ture,  teous,  tuous,  &c.,  re- 
gardless of  the  pronunciations  of  them  favored  by  the  various  lexico- 
graphers are  expressed  by  the  two  lower  quarter  segments  of  the  same 
circle  or  ring,  the  first  one,  No.  3  being  made  by  a  down-stroke,  and 


the  other  one,  No.  4  by  an  up-stroke,  as  in    <>     s.c-tual;   *.    for- 

tune; GO  ^-   cour-teous;  TV.  righ-teous,  &c. 

491.  When  any  of  the  terminations  specified  in  preceding  section 
is  followed  by  ly,  ity,  ate,  ately,  ous  or  ness,  such  extended  terminations 
may  be  denoted  by  placing  the  qualifying  point  or  dot  under  the  char- 

acter, as  iu   ^-»    for  ae-tually  ;        •  **  for  for-tunate  or  for-tunately  ; 
63  •      for  conr-teously  or  cour-teousness. 


Alphabetical  Characters  used  as  Prefixes  and  Suffixes. 


492.  The  learner's  attention  is  next  directed  to  the  study  and  ap- 
plication of  the  Prefixes  and  Suffixes,  consisting  of  common  begin- 
nings and  endings  of  words  expressed  by  the  Alphabetical  signs.  These 
are  usually  of  great  advantage  in  reducing  the  motions  of  the  pen  or 
pencil  in  writing  the  words  in  which  they  occur. 

493.  When  a  character  representing  a  simple  letter  or  sound  is  in- 
tended to  express  a  Prefix,  it  must  be  distinguished  as  such  by  placing 

a  comma  under  it,  as    »~L-  aggregate  ;  I  compro-mhe  &c. 

494.  When  a  character  representing  a  simple  letter  or  sound,  is 
intended  to  express  a  selected  Suffix  or  termination  of  a  word,  it  must 
be  distinguisned  as  such  by  placing  a  dot  or  period  under  it,  as  in 


en-act ;       X    im-procc  ;    c*     re-icanl,  &c. 


70  TOWXDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

493.  When  the  first  character  of  a  word  is  used  to  express  one  of 
the  selected  prefixes,  and  the  last  one  a  suffix,  a  single  dot  is  placed 
over  the  word,  instead  of  a  comma  under  the  first  one,  and  a  dot  under 

the  last  one,  as  iu    c—  ^   agree-ment  •    <jv-x    compre-Jicnd  or 


Jiensite  ',     O^     inter-ment  ',       ~\    trans-plant  ;    ^-^  counter-mand  ',  ic. 

496.  When  a  word  comprising  two  of  the  selected  suffixes  occurs, 

spell  the  first  one  according  to  its  sound,  and  express  the  last  one  by 

the  proper  terminal  character,  distinguished  as  in  the  preceding  rule 


or  section,  thus   crvA   com-mand-ment  ;       °^     trans-&c-tion  ; 


407.  Com  or  con  forming  a  distinct  syllable  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word  containing  no  selected  suffix,  may  be  expressed  by  km  or  kn  in- 
stead of  using  the  7:  character  with  the  qualifying  comma  mark  under 

it,  writing         VI  instead  of    1V|    for  compose,  and        o~\J  instead 


_ 

of    -»  v~\j  for  consign.     In   like   manner,  it  is  preferable    to   write 

V  jir,  instead  of  ?\  for  per  in  words  containing  no  selected  suf- 
fix, but  iu  writing  per-mitl-ance,  it  is  proper  to  use  the  prefix  per, 
because  the  character  expressing  the  termination  ance,  requires  the 
qualifying  point,  and  it  is  as  easy  to  make  a  simple  mark  above  the 
word,  as  one  under  it,  and  the  dot  above,  qualifies  the  p  for  per,  and 

the  terminal  a  for  ance,  thus  |  thereby  saving  one  character,  the 
r  in  the  first  syllable. 

498.  When  a  selected  prefix  constitutes  only  part  of  a  syllable  or 
word,  it  must  not  be  used  to  express  suca  portion  of  the  same  :  for 
instance  never  write  the  prefix  compre  with  an  s  added,  for  the  word 
compress  ;  the  second  syllable  of  the  word  press,  must  invariably  be 

spelled  out  a  ;cording  to  sound,  thus  y\/\  or  >"1j  .  the  first  sylla- 
ble being  expressed  by  the  prefix  com  or  simply  by  km.  In  like  man- 
ner the  second  syllable  in  the  word  control,  must  be  spelled  out.  ac- 

/)  c/> 

cording  to  sound,  thus  s^j  —  ^  kutrol  and  not  n  contro-\.  I;i 
the  word  intrude,  the  prefix  intru.  must  not  be  used,  but  in  the  word 


COMPLETE  GUIUK  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAXD.  71 

intru-sion  the  prefix  intra  should  be  used,  writing  it  thus  ^_p. 

499.  In  words  containing  no  selected  prefix,  but  ending  with  ness, 
that  termination  may  be  expressed  by  *-f  ns,  instead   of  writing  the 

character n  with  the  qualifying  point  (a  dot.)  under  it,  writing       \* 

for  business,  instead  of     S       ;   but  in  writing  a  word   commencing 

with  a  selected  prefix  and  ending  with  ness,  that  suffix  should  be  ex- 
pressed by  the  n  character,  with  the  qualifying  point  over  the  word  as 

in      *""L  con-c\se-ness ;    <r~\su  con-dign-ness,  <fec. 

500.  When  the  termination  a  of  word  may  be  expressed  by  any  of 
the  suffix  signs,  the  plural  or  possessive  case,  can  be  denoted  (if  neces- 
sary) by  converting  the  qualifying  point  or  dot,  into  a  very  short  hori- 
zontal or  hyphen-like  line  as  in    ry   ~    moments;    LP   nations  or  na- 
tion's ;       z— /otrans-gres-sions  j     o     affec-tions  or  affec-tiou's  ;      3 
afflictions. 

501.  When  the  letter  s  is  used  to  express  the  possessive  case,  it 
will  be  found  preferable  to  drop  the  character  immediately  below  the 
terminal  point  of  the  preceding  letter. 

502.  When  any  suffix  is  represented  by  two  of  the  alphabetical 
signs,  as  in  the  case  of  a,  e,f,  7i,  i,  k,  o,  u,  v,  w  and  sh,  (See  page  173) 
occurs,  use  either  as  may  be  found  most  readily  joined  lo  the  preced- 
ing character. 


Many  persons  are  apt  to  think  that  they  can  write  words  in  long- 
hand as  rapidly  as  they  can  learn  to  write  them  in  stenographic  char- 
acters. A  greater  mistake  could  hardly  be  made.  This  idea  holds 
good  with  the  entertainer  only  so  long  as  he  is  familiar  with  one  style 
of  writing,  and  is  totally  ignorant  of  the  other.  It  is  as  easy  to  make 
a  motion  of  the  pen  or  pencil  in  the  formation  of  a  stenographic  char- 
acter as  it  is  to  write  one  in  chirography  or  long-hand  ;  and  it  must 
be  remembered  that  it  frequently  requires  more  motions  of  the  pen  to 
iorm  a  single  letter  in  long-hand  than  is  generally  required  for  a  whole 
word  in  any  good  system  of  short-hand. 


TOWXDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OB 

Prefixes  Expressed  by  Alphabetical  Signs. 


503 

A 

«) 

Advan.  adven,  adver,  advo. 

3 

504 

A 

f 

Appel,  appli,  apure,  appro. 

505 

B 

c 

Ab,  aber,  abb  re,  abro,  abso. 

f 

50G 

D 

/> 

Discom,  discon,  disen,  disin 

507 

E 

\. 

Elec,  elect,  equi.  equiv. 

508 

E 

£ 

Efflo,  eiflu,  esti,  evi,  ever. 

509 

F 

e 

Affec,  affect,  effec,  effect. 

510 

F 

<J) 

Affirm,  affic,  afflict,  afflu. 

3 

511 

G 

e  

Aggra,  aggi-e  agree  agri. 

9 

512 

H 

*^\ 

Hetero,  homo,  hydro,  hypo. 

513 

I 

°T 

[mper,  impre  impro,  impru. 

514 

I 

0—  . 

[ncom,  incon,  incor,  incul. 

515 

K 

V 

Com,  comple,  compli,  compre,  compro 

516 

K 

<u 

Jon,  contra,  contro,  counter. 

9 

517 

M 

& 

Magni,  matri,  multi,  muri. 

518 

N 

Y 

Enter,  inter,  intro,  intm. 

519 

0 

<tf 

Ob,  obli,  obsti,  oinni,  orni. 

520 

0 

<^} 

Obso,  octo,  oppro,  ortho. 

521 

P 

^ 

Per,  pre,  pri,  pro.  pru,  pur. 

522 

R 

^ 

Recom,  recon,  repre,  repro. 

523 

B 

1 

Sub,  subter,  sup,  super. 

524 

T 

9 

Temp,  tempt,  tran,  trans. 

525 

U 

% 

Ulti,  uni,  ultra,  titil. 

526 

X 

ii 

Expli,  explo,  extra,  extri. 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND. 


73 


Suffixes  Expressed  by  Alphabetical  Signs. 


527 

528 

529 
530 

531 
532 
533 
534 
535 
'536 
537 
538 
539 
540 
541 
542 
543 
544 
545 

546 

547 
543 
549 
550 


A 
B 

D 
E 

F 
G 
H 
1 
J 
K 
L 
M 
N 
O 
P 

Q 

R 

S 
T 


V 
W 
Y 

Ch 

Sh 


\ 
1 

S- 


act,  actly,  ally,  ance,  ancy,  ant,  antly. 
ble,  bled,  bleness,  bly,  bility. 

dance,  dancy,  dant,-iy,  dence,  dent,  diet,  duct, 
ence,  ency,  ent,  ently,  est,  eth,  ever. 

feet,  fleet,  flict,  form,  formal,  ful,  fully, 
graph,  grance,  giant,  guish,  guist,  guage. 
habit,  hibit,  hend,  hensive,  hood. 
ify,  ity,  ety,  ical,  ically,  ish,  ism,  ist. 
ject,  jest,  join,  journ,  judge,  just, 
claim,  cline,  elude,  elusive,  count, 
lect,  lective,  lence,  lency,  lent,  lently. 
mand,  mend,  mence,  ment,  mental, 
nance,  nant,  nence,  nent,  nect,  ne?s. 
ody,  ogy,  oly,  omy,  ony,  opy,  ory. 
place,  plant,  plete,  plish,  prove. 

quence,  quency,  quent,-ly,  quest,  quish. 
racy,  ract,  rect,  rectly,  ranee,  rant, 
scribe,  script,  stract,  strict,  struct,  suade. 
tinct,  tract,  trict,  trude,  tude,  tute. 
ous,  ousl}*,  ousness. 

vail,  vict,  vive,  voke,  volve,  vu.se. 

ward,  wardry,  wards,  work,  worth. 

iard,  iards,  ier,  ious,  uous,  (yard,yer,  yun,  yus). 

chance,  chant,  change,  charge. 

cience,  tiencs  cient.  tient,  cial,  sial,  tial. 


74  TOWNDROW'S  TKXT-BOOK  OF  STKXOGRAPHY,  OR 

Words  Expressed  by  their  Leading  Sounds. 

552.  Many  words  not  included  in  the  various  classes  denoted  by 
alphabetical  characters,  and  generally  known  to  Stenographers  as 
Word  Signs,  or  by  Suggestive  or  Arbitrary  Signs,may  be  advantage- 
ously and  legibly  expressed  by  their  respective  Leading  Sounds  with- 
out regard  to  following  any  other  mode  of  abbreviation.  Words  thus 
abridged,  must  however  be  distinguished  as  such,  by  having  a  short 
line  or  stroke  drawn  across  the  straight  or  curved  stem  line  of  the  last 


character  used,  writing   ^^i*  excom  —  fortxcom  —  municate,  excom  — 

I 
municating  or  excom  —  munii-ation      ^    f>    intern  —  for  intern  —  perute, 

intern  —  perance,   &c.;       M_     pecu  —  for  pecu  —  liar,  pecu  —  liarly  or 

pecu  —  liarty,  £e.,  as  in  the  following  sentences.  Her  husband  is  a 
very  intern  —  [perate]  man.  Three  men  Avere  excom—  [municated] 
from  Church  last  Sunday.  I  have  spent  all  the  money  that  was  ap- 
pro —  [priated]  for  my  use.  This  do  ye  in  remem—  [brance]  of  me. 
He  was  placed  in  a  very  pecu  —  [liar]  position.  The  Chief  Engineer 
of  the  Fire  Department  of  Paterson,  N.  J.,  in  speaking  of  a  large  flre 
at  that  place,  remarked  in  his  report  "That  it  was  a  very  pecu  —  [liar] 
fire,  and  pecu  —  [liarly]  difficult  to  manage."  The  abridged  Avords  in- 
tern —  [perate],  appro  —  [priated],  remem  —  [brance],  excom  —  [municat- 
ed], pecu  —  [liar],  and  pecu  —  [liarly],  will  natually  and  readily  occur  to 
the  reader  as  those  intended  by  the  Avriter. 


Arbitrary  and  Suggestive  Word  Signs. 

553.  The  three  following  pages  comprise  a  number  of  words  and 
expressions  of  frequent  occurrence,  for  which,  at  least  a  majority  of 
them,  special  signs  of  suggestive  forms  have  been  assigned  to  denote 
them,  and  consequently  require  but  little  effort  of  the  memory  to  put 
them  into  practical  application.  They  may  be  vised  or  not  by  the 
writer,  but  as  they  are  readily  acquired,  easily  remembered,  and 
abridge  the  labor  of  writing,  their  use  is  strongly  recommended,  es- 
pecially as  their  adoption  Aviil  tend  to  improA'e  rather  than  impair  the 
legibility  of  the  stenographic  manuscript. 


COMPLKTK  GUIDK  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND. 

Arbitrary  and  Suggestive  Word  Signs. 


534 

oo 

One  after  another. 

555 

^ 

O'er,  over. 

533 

—  o 

Under,  underneath. 

537 

_O 

Above,  above-board. 

353 

-o 

Below,  beneath. 

539 

^ 

After,  afterward. 

560 

6 

Before,  beforehand. 

531 

< 

Behind,  behindhand. 

562 

•€ 

Behalf,  behoof,  behoove. 

5G3 

«/ 

Lseendj-edj-iug. 

564 

*_ 

Along. 

565 

«H 

Across. 

566 

^a 

About. 

567 

@ 

Around. 

568 

)iscover,-ed,-ing,-y. 

589 

^ 

lecover,-ed  ,-ing,-y  . 

570 

O 

Cnclose.-d,-ing,  enclosure. 

571 

(9 

Encircle^-ing. 

572 

^P 

urround,-ed,-ing. 

573 

Poreclose,-d,-ing,  foreclosure. 

70  TOWA'DROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OK 

Arbitrary  and  Suggestive  Word  Signs. 


574 
575 
57G 

0 
0 

e 

Nobody,  nothing. 
Somebody,  something. 
Through. 

577 

-&- 

Throughout. 

578 
579 

Q 

0 

Earth,  earthly,  earthliness. 
World,  worldly,  worldliness. 

580 

"t% 

Christendom. 

581 

+1 

Christmas. 

582 

+~> 

Christian,-^,  Christianity. 

583 

f 

Christ,  Christ's. 

584 

/  t_  —  -'• 
/ 

Christ  Jesus. 

585 

</• 

\ 
Jesus  Christ. 

586 

^ 

Jross  of  Christ. 

587 
588 

i 

Crucify  ,-ing,  crucifix,-ion 
Insiduous,-ly.  inpiduousness. 

589 

t 

Intermediate,  -ly,  intermediation. 

590 

& 

Amputate.-d,  -ing.  amputation. 

591 

v& 

Manslaughter. 

592 

*/ 

Moreover. 

-95.1 

/ 

[oasmach. 

COMPLKTK  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HA^D. 

Arbitrary  and  Suggestive  "Word  Signs. 


77 


Equal,  equally  equality. 

595 

Unequal,  unequally,  inequality. 

596 

/ 

Proportion,-able,-ably,-ate,-ately. 

507 

// 

Disproportion,-able,-ably,-ate,-ately. 

598 

/\N 

Happy,  happily,  happiness. 

599 

(J^\ 

Within.                                               * 

600 

^ 

Without. 

601 

^ 

Withdraw,-*,  withdrawal,  withdrawing. 

602 

*> 

Withdrew,  withdrawn. 

603 

v^ 

Inherit,-ed,-s,-ing,  inheritance. 

604 

'v 

Mediocre,  mediocrity. 

G05 

y1 

Diagnosis,  diagnostic. 

606 

¥ 

International. 

607 

X 

Extraordinary,  extraordinarily. 

603 

<$) 

Eternal,  eternally,  eternity. 

609 

/s\ 

Everlasting,  everlastingly. 

610 

«= 

Jouch,  couched,  couching. 

611 

£ 

Crouch,  crouched,  crouching. 

612 

Pouch,  pouched,  pouching. 

613 

Slouch,  slouched,  slouching. 

78  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY.  OR 

Legal  Terms  and  Expressions. 

614.  Many  Legal  Terms  and  Expressions,  frequently  used  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Courts  may  be  denoted  by  the  initial  letters  or 
sounds  with  two  short  lines  drawn  across  such  characters  or  the  last 
one,  if  more  than  one  are  used,  or  by  any  Arbitrary  signs,  not  liable 
to  be  construed  for  a  combination  of  tbo  regular  and  undistinguished 
Alphabetical  Signs,  as  in  the  following  examples  : 


615 
616 

A 

His  Honor. 
Your  Honor. 

i 

617 

«* 

The  Court. 

618 
019 

OWN 
(^  f  ii™ 

May  it  please  the  Court. 
Gentlemen  of  the  Jury. 

620 

t// 

Grand  Jury. 

621 
622 

i 

Learned  counsel. 
Counsel  for  plaintiff  or  prosecution. 

623 
624 

^ 

Counsel  for  defence  or  defendant. 
Prisoner  at  the  bar. 

625 

4 

Subpo3na,-ed. 

626 

Sureties. 

627 

^K 

Habeas  Corpus. 

628 

°^ 

Indictment  quashed. 

629 

^ 

Nolle  prosequi. 

630 

rto 

Motion  by. 

631 
632 

9* 

a*. 

Motion  denied. 
Motion  granted. 

633 

r/ 

Motion  ruled  out. 

634 

#^ 

Cross-examine  .-d  ,-  ation  . 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITING  SHORT-HAND.  79 

Words  That  May  be  Joined. 

635..  In  order  to  facilitate  the  process  of  writing  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, pronouns  may  be  joined  with  auxiliary  verbs,  to  the  following 
extent ;  as  no  confusion  can  possibly  be  experienced  thereby  ;  no 
such  combination  of  characters  occurring  in  the  writing  of  a  word. 


I  have.  I  had.  I  have  had.  I  had  had.  I  have  not.  1  had  not. 
I  have  not  had.  I  had  not  had.  lie  has.  He  had.  He  has  had.  He 
had  had.  They  have.  They  had.  They  have  had.  They  had  had. 
They  will  have.  They  would  have. 


Poetical  Abbreviations. 


COG.  The  poetical  abbreviations  I'm,  thou'rt,  you're,  we're,  they're, 
he's,  I'll,  they'll,  when'er,  where'er,  &e.,  may  be  written  as  follows — 


Titles  or  Captions  to  be  "Written  Plain. 

637.  Titles  or  captions,  and  sub-captions  of  all  poetical  effusions 
and  prose  writings,  as  well  as  compositions  on  miscellaneous  subjects 
should  be  written  very  plain,  even  should  it  require  the  use  of  a  few 
more  vowel  or  diphthongal  signs,  or  the  doubling  of  a  consonant  in 
such  words  as  folly,  follow,  ferry, .marry,  tarry,  &c. 


Emphasized  Words,  &c. 

638.  Emphasized  words  and  expressions  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  making  a  waved  line,  thus  -~-^-^  under  the  same. 


80  TOWXDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

* 

Numerals. 


639.  For  numerals,  the  ordinary  figures  are  the  best  that  can  be 
used ;   but  they  must  be  distinguished  from  Stenographic  characters 
by  a  simple  line  drawn  over  them  to  prevent  confusion  that  might 
otherwise  occur  in  some  cases  j  especially  where  the  figure  1  predomi- 
nates. 

640.  When  i";  is  desired  to  keep  a  private  account  which  can  be 
understood  only  by  the  writer,  Stenographic  characters  may  be  advan- 
tageously and  conveniently  substituted.    For  that  purpose,  the  fol- 
lowing are  suggested,  1  —  ?2   |  ,3\,4/,5  C>6)   >t(*\i&\*jt 
9  *•—  ,  0  ^   or   \  7  §  1  or   P.    Division  between  dollars  and  cents 

°~~  or  Q—  .  These  may  be  transposed  in  any  other  order.  Let  the 
$  mark  be  placed  after  and  immediately  following  the  figures  indicat- 
ing the  number  of  dollars,  so  that  all  figures  placed  to  the  right  of  it, 
must  be  considered  as  so  many  cents.  When  the  entries  are  made  in 
a  book  or  a  sheet  of  paper  properly  ruled  for  dollars  and  cents,  the 
insertion  of  the  f  mark  would  be  superfluous. 


Abbreviations  used  in  Writing  and  Printing. 

641.  Abbreviations  commonly  used  in  Writing  and  Printing,  such 
as  the  names  of  Countries,  States,  Titles  of  Individuals,  &c.,  may  be 
used  by  the  reporter  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  A  list  of  these 
can  be  found  in  almost  every  Dictionary  of  our  language. 


Quotations  from  Ancient  and  Modern  Languages. 

642.  Familiar  Proverbs,  Maxims,. Mottoes,  Quotations,  &c.,  from 
the  Latin,  French  and  Italian  may  generally  be  expressed  by  their  re- 
spective initials  or  leading  sounds  ;  but  they  must  be  distinguished 

as  such  by  a  mark  thus >  placed   under  the  same ;    drawing 

the  horizontal  line  out  to  the  full  length  occupied  by  the  maxim  or 
quotation,  A  full  list  of  such  quotations  with  their  respective  signifi- 
cations can  be  found  in  any  good  Dictionary. 


COMPLETE  GUIDE  TO  WRITIXG  SHORT-HAXI).  81 

General  Remarks. 


643.  When  the  writer  fails  either  to  hear  or  understand  a  word  or 
number  of  words  uttered  by  the  speaker,  leave  a  space  for  the  subse- 
quent insertion  of  such  word  or  words  as  may  have  been  omitted,  andl 
place  a  caret  beneath  the  space  where  the  omission  occurred,  thus 

A  The  context,  as  a  general  rule,  will  indicate  the  tenor 

of  the  words  omitted,  in  case  they  cannot  be  supplied  by  the  speaker, 
or  some  friend  who  had  a  better  opportunity  of  hearing  his  remarks. 

644.  The  student  should  select  some  speaker,  who  utters  his  words 
with  distinctness  and  deliberation,  take  notes  of  his  discourses  as  oftea 
as  may  be  convenient  to  do  so,  and  invariably  transcribe  what  you 
may  have  written,  and  should  you  fail  in  your  first  efforts  to  note 
down  all  he  said,  do  not  be  discouraged,  but  "Try,  try,  try  again." 
Lose  no  opportunity  of  keeping  up  the  practice,  and  you  will  soon  in- 
crease your  rapidity  in  writing  to  the  extent  of  five  words  a  minute 
each  week,  until  you  find  yourself  competent  to  record  correctly  the 
language  of  any  public  speaker. 

645.  When  a  short-hand  writer  is  employed  to  take  down  proceed- 
ings in  the  courts  of  law,  and  it  is  of  consequence  to  report  them  as 
nearly  verbatim  as  possible,  it  is  desirable  to  make  himself  previously 
acquainted  with  the  matter  in  dispute,  which  is  often  so  complicated 
as  not  to  be  easily  understood.    By  becoming  master  of  the  case  be- 
forehand, he  will  be  in  less  danger  of  falling  into  mistakes,  and  v/ill 
more  readily  comprehend  the  bearing  of  what  is  said. 

G4G.  The  smaller  the  characters  can  be  written,  withov.t  becom- 
ing indistinct,  the  more  it  will  promote  expedition. 

647.  When  the  learner  first  attempts  to   decipher  what  he  has 
written  in  Short-Hand,  the  best  way  is  to  transcribe  it  in  common  hand, 
and  when  a  word  is  not  known  at  first  sight  proceed  to  speak  each 
letter  separately  and  distinctly, and  then  pronounce  the  whole  together, 
and  so  continue   writing  and  deciphering  till  in  a  short  time,  prac- 
tice and  perseverance  will  make  it  so  completely  easy,  that  he  will  be 
able  to  read  it  without  the  trouble  of  transcribing. 

648.  When  great  dispatch  is  requisite,  all  stops,  except  the  period, 
may  be  omitted,  leaving  a  blank,  proportioned  in  size  to  the  length  of 
the  pause  required. 


82  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

TRANSLATION  OF  THE  LINES  ON  THE  OPPOSITE  PAGE.* 

A  Son's  Farewell  to  his  Mother. 


Mother — I  leave  thy  dwelling, 
Thy  counsel  and  thy  care  ; 
With  grief,  my  heart  is  swelling, 

No  more  in  them  to  share  ; 
Nor  hear  that  sweet  voice  speaking, 

When  hours  of  joy  run  high, 
Nor  meet  that  mild  eye  seeking 

When  sorrow's  touch  comes  nigh. 

Mother — I  leave  thy  dwelling, 

And  the  sweet  hour  of  prayer ; 
With  grief  my  heart  is  swelling, 

No  more  to  meet  thee  there. 
Thy  faith  and  fervor,  pleading, 

Inun-spent  tones  of  love, 
Perchance  my  soul  art  leading 

To  better  hopes  above. 

Mother — I  leave  thy  dwelling  ; 

Oh !  shall  it  be  for  ever  ? 
With  grief  my  heart  is  swelling, 

From  thee— frcm  thee  to  sever, 
These  arms  that  now  enfold  me 

So  closely  to  thy  heart, 
These  eyes,  that  now  behold  me, 

From  all,— from  all  I  part. 


*NOTE.    Each  line  of  Short-Hand,  comprises  two  lines  of  the  above. 


O  grant  me  Heaven  a  Middle  State, 
Neither  too  humble,  nor  too  great ; 
More  than  enough  for  nature's  ends, 
With  something  left  to  treat  my  friends. 


rf 


c  >, 


/  *-     CCS, 


84  TOWNDROW'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  STENOGRAPHY,  OR 

TRANSLATION  OF  THE  CHARACTERS  ON  THE  OPPOSITE  PAGE. 

A  Mother's  Love.* 


There  is  something  in  sickness  that  breaks  clown  the  pride  of  man- 
liood.  It  softens  the  heart  and  brings  it  back  to  the  feelings  of  infancy. 
"Who  that  has  languished  even  in  advanced  life,  in  sickness  and  de- 
spondency ?  who  that  has  pined  on  a  weary  bed  in  the  neglect  and 
loneliness  of  a  foreign  land,  but  has  thought  on  the  mother  that  looked 
on  bis  childhood  ;  that  smoothed  his  pillow  and  administered  to  his 
helplessness?  Oh!  there  is  an  enduring  tenderness  in  the  love  of  a 
mother  to  a  son  that  transcends  all  other  affections  of  the  heart.  It  is 
neither  to  be  chilled  by  selfishness  nor  daunted  by  danger,  nor  weak- 
ened by  worthlessness,  nor  stifled  by  ingratitude.  She  will  sacrifice 
every  comfort  to  his  convenience  ;  she  will  surrender  every  pleasure 
to  his  enjoyment ;  she  will  glory  in  his  fame,  and  exult  in  his  pros- 
perity, and  should  adversity  overtake  him,  he  will  te  dearer  to  her 
from  misfortune  ;  and  if  disgrace  should  steal  upon  his  name,  she  will 
still  love  and  cherish  him  ;  and  if  all  the  world  beside  cast  him  off, 
.she  will  be  all  the  world  to  him. 


Affections,  like  the  conscience,  are  rather  to  be  led  than  drawn  ; 
and  it  is  to  be  feared,  that  they  who   marry  where  they  do  not  love, 
love  where  they  do  not  marry. 


Pleasure  is  nothing  but  the  intermission  of  pain,  the  enjoyment 
•of  something  we  are  in  great  trouble  for  till  we  have  it. 


*NoTE.  All  the  words  expressed  by  Special  Signs,  are  comprised 
in  the  "KEY,"  (page  86)  with  references  to  the  pages  and  numbers  of 
tthe  Guide,  where  such  signs  are  to  be  found. 


>x 

s^v/         "  ^"4 


<->  Vy    w   < 
^   V    •<£—    M 


-.   c     >  c 


C    r>Tl>/  ^  1          c^-x  TN    .L 


—  O    - 

6     >  -  ^  ^ >t-/  r-  <  /  — ^  ^,.    .  ^   ,   ..    c^, 

-^^1>_    /^-^^^f,..-/  ^^ 

'=>'^C-         -°^€Y/,     —    <Ve^0^v^   ^£_ 

— ^      ^     ^>         ^/    ^A     o—    y 


KEY 

To  all  the  words  expressed  by  Special  Signs,  arranged  in  Alphabeti- 
cal Order  ;  together  with  the  number  of  the  page  in  the  first  column,, 
the  line  or  paragraph  in  the  second  column  where  such  signs  are  to 
and  be  found : 

COMPILED  BY  Miss  GRACIE  E.  TOWXDROW. 


A 

A,  any,  alone. 

About,  abouts. 

Above,  aboveboard. 

Accept,-s,-ance,-ing. 

Account,-able,-ing. 

Acknowledge  .-dring.-ment 

Across. 

Aerate,-d,-ing. 

Aerification,  aeriform. 

Aerology. 

Aerometer,  aerometry. 

Aerostat,-ic. 

After,  afterwards. 

Again,  against. 

Agency,  agent,-ship. 

Ah. 

Alien,-able,-ate,  &c. 

All. 

Alone. 

Along. 

Already. 

Also. 

Alter,-able,-ing,-ation. 

Alternately,  &c. 

Although. 

Altogether. 

Alway,  always. 

A.  M. 

Am. 

Ameliorate,-s,-ed,-ing. 

Amiable,  amiability. 

Among,  amongst. 

Amputate,-d,-ing,-tion. 

An,  and. 

Anarchy,  anarchist. 

Annoint,-s,-ed,-ing. 

Annoy  ,-ance,-ed,-ing. 

Any. 

Appoint,-able,-ment. 


I      i  Arbitrary,  arbitrate,  &c. 
53  173  Architect,-ive,-ure. 
75556  Are,  art. 
75  557  Aristocracy,  aristocrat. 
55227  Around. 
57278  Arraign. 
54202  Art. 

75565  Artifice,  artificial. 
59326  As. 

59326  Ascend, -ed, -ing. 

59327  Asstil.-ed,  ing,-able. 
59327  Assuage,- ing,-ment. 

61377  At. 

75559  Audacious,  audacity. 

53174  Augur,-ed,-ing,-al. 
55225  Auspices,  auspicous. 

53175  Austere,-ly,  austerity. 
55224  Authentic,-a!,-ate,&c. 

52  152  Author,-ity,-ize,  <fec. 

53  173  Autocracy,  autocrat. 
75-304  Automatic,-al,-ally. 

64  437  Avail,-able,-ability,-ing. 

53  178  Avoid,-able,-ance,-ing. 

37279  Awe. 

35  226  Awhile,  while,  whilst. 

53:178  Awkward,-ly-ness. 

644.37  Ay,  aye. 

33177  B 

54.462  Bankruptcy,  bankrupt. 

52 153  Be,  been. 

6l|380  Before,  before-hand. 

61378  Behalf,  behoof,  behoove. 

53176  Beheld. 

76590  Behind,  behind-hand. 
64449  Behold,-s,-ing,-en. 
63;431  Being,  being  understood. 
63  439  Belong,-s,-ing,-ed. 
63'438Be.ow. 
33173  Beneath. 
551234  Beneficial.-ly. 


57277 
61  379 
52  157 
631430 
75567 
57275 
52157 
59,328 
52157 
75'563 
63!428 
57276 
52159 
61382 
59330 
55228 
59331 
61381 
55229 
63432 
63433 
63429 
55235 
53177 
55223 
57280 
53175 

62397 
52142 
75560 
75562 
64461 
75561 
64'460 
64454 
64453 
'5558 
5558 
58295 


KEY  TO  WORD  SIG^S,  &C. 


Between,  betwixt.                  54;193  Discrepance,  discrepancy. 

60347 

Boisterous,-ly,-ness. 

57285 

Disproportion,-able,-ate. 

77597 

Book,-ed,-ing. 

57289 

Dissuade,-d,-s,-ing,  &c. 

62398 

Boom,-ed,-ing. 

57290 

Divide,-d,-s,-ing. 

54194 

Brilliancy,  brilliant. 

56244 

Do,  doe?,  done. 

53143 

Brood,  -ed,-ing. 

59 

340 

Droop,-ed,-ing. 

61 

341 

Browse,-d,-ing. 

5? 

294 

Drown,-ed,-ing. 

61 

395. 

Brutal  ,-ly,-ity,-ize. 

6C 

346 

E 

> 

By. 

52 

142 

Earth,  earthly,  earthliness. 

76 

578 

C 

Ecstacy,  ecstatic,-al. 

61 

384 

Can,  canst. 

52 

150 

Efficiency,  efficiently. 

57 

2S2, 

Casual,-ly,-ity. 

56 

252 

Ejaculate,-d,  ejaculation. 

57 

281 

Catechise,  catechism. 

56 

253 

Electric,-ian,  electricity. 

03 

434 

Challenge,-able,-ing. 

57 

270 

Elicit.-ed.-ing. 

59 

332 

Characteristic'  -ize. 

58 

303 

Ellipse,  elliptic,-al. 

59 

333 

Charge,-able,-ing. 

61 

372i 

Emaciate,-d,-ing,-tion. 

61 

383 

Charity,  charitable. 

55 

219 

Embroider,-ed,-ing. 

59 

336 

Charter,-ed,-ing. 

03 

423; 

Emtroil,-ed,-ing,-ment. 

59 

3J7 

Chastise,  -d,-ing,-ment. 

59 

321 

Employ  ,-ing,-ment. 

53 

184 

Chimera,  chimerical. 

58 

304 

Encircle,-d,-ing. 

75 

571 

Christ,  Christ's. 

76 

583 

Enclose,-d,-ing,-sure. 

75 

570> 

Christendom. 

76 

580! 

Enjoin,-ed,-s,-ing. 

61 

387 

Christian,-ly,-ity. 

76 

582 

Enjoy  ,-able,-ing,-ment. 

61 

388 

Christ  Jesus. 

76 

584 

Enlarge,-iug,-ment. 

34 

456. 

Christmas. 

76 

581 

Equal  ,-ly,  equality. 

77 

594 

Cogniable. 

60 

354 

Equivocally,  equivocate^. 

55 

230 

Cognizance,  cognizant. 

60354 

Especial,  especially. 

55 

231 

Conscientious,-ly,-ness. 

60 

355 

Espouse,-d,-ing,-al. 

63 

435 

Constituency,  constituent. 

19 

U<v 

405 

EL  cetera,  &c. 

M 

450 

Couch,-ed,-iug,-s. 

77 

610 

Eternal,-ly,  eternity. 

77 

508 

Could,  couldst. 

52 

15l| 

Even. 

53 

179 

Counsel  for  defendant. 

~8 

623 

Ever,  every. 

53 

180 

Counsel  for  plaintiff. 

"8 

622 

Everlasti.ig,-ly. 

~7 

509 

Credible,-ness,  credibility. 

62 

406 

Evil,  evils. 

j3 

179 

Cross-examine,-d,-ation. 

to 

634 

Exaggerate,-d,-ing,-tion. 

54 

215 

Cross  of  Christ. 

76 

586 

Example,  examples. 

C2165 

Crouch,-ed,-ing. 

76611! 

Exasperate,-d,-ing,  &c. 

56266 

Crowd,-s,-ed,-ing. 

59344  Exceed,  exceeds. 

52164 

Crown,  -s,-ed,-ing. 

59345  jExcept,  excepts. 

32  164 

Crucifix,  crucifixion. 

'6;587!Exception,-able,-al,-ing. 

56267 

Crucify,  crucifying. 

76587j  Exclusion,  exclusive. 

38J317- 

D 

|  Execrable,  execrate,  &c. 

38318 

Day  after  to-morrow. 

64 

467  Exhilarate,-d,-ing,  &c. 

JO  368 

Delicacy,  delicate. 
Destroy  ,-ed,  -ing. 
Diagnosis,  diagnostic. 

56'245  Exorbitance,  exorbitant.        60369 
53|l83  (Expect,  expects.                       52!165 
77605  Explicitly,  explicitness.       62419 

Discover,-ed,-ing,-y. 

75  568  Expostulate,-s,-d,-ing.             62  420 

Discredit,-able,-ing. 

58;296|  Exquisite,  exquisitely.            54216 

KEY  TO  WORD  SIGNS,  &C- 


Extraordinary  ,-ly.                    77  607 

Ideal,  -ism,  ideality.                  57283 

Eve,  eyes. 

53  181 

Identically,  &c. 

59334 

F 

Identify,-ed,-ing,  &c. 

59334 

Facetious,-ly,-ness. 

54  195  Idiocy,  idiot. 

57,284 

Familiar  ,-ly,-ity,-ize. 

56246  Idolatry,  idolize. 

61 

385 

Fanatic,-al,-ism,  &c. 

56247 

If. 

52 

145 

Fascinate,-d,-ing,-tion. 

58297 

I'll. 

79636 

Fastidious,-ly,-ness. 

58298 

I'm. 

79635 

Father,  fatherly. 

54196 

Imagine,  -able,-ing,-ation. 

59335 

Fluctuate,-d,-ing,-tion, 

62  399  Immediate,-ly,-ness. 

55233 

Fool,-ing-.ish,  &c. 

61,391  In. 

52154 

For. 

52  144  Inasmuch. 

76593 

Foreclose,-d.-ing,-sure. 

75573  Indictment  quashed. 

78  628 

Formal,-ly,-ity,-ness. 

60348  Inequality. 

77595 

Frigid  ,-ity  ,-ly,  -ness. 

60349  Inherit. 

77  60S 

From. 

52145  Initiate,-ing,-tion. 

61386 

Frustrate,-d,-ing,  &c. 

62  400  ln?idious,-ly,-ness. 

76588 

G 

Intermediate,  &c. 

76589 

Gentlemen  of  the  Jury. 

78619 

International. 

77606 

Genuine,-ly,-ness. 

56248jjlrascible,  &c. 

15232 

Gloom,-ily,-ing.-y. 

01  MS 

Is. 

52  158 

Glory,  glorify,  glorious. 

54197 

It,  it's,  itself. 

53  182 

Go,  goes,  gone. 

32  140 

Iterate,  -ing,  &c. 

63437 

God,  God's. 

51138 

Itineracy,  itinerate.                 63  43G 

Gradual  ,-ly,  graduator. 

60350 

J 

Grand  Jury.. 

78620 

Jealous,-y,-ly- 

56251 

Gratuitously,  gratuity. 

38  299 

Jeopard  ,-o  us  ,-ize. 

58302 

Grief,  grievance,  grievous. 

(32401 

Jesuit,-ic-ical. 

60353 

H 

Jesus. 

58  138 

Habeas  Corpus. 

78627 

Jesus  Christ.                             76585 

Had,  hadst. 

52148 

Journal,-ism,-ize.                     62404 

Hai>py,-]3vness. 

77598 

Judge,  judges.                          52149 

Has,  hast. 

32  147 

Judicat  •,  j  udiciary.                  54  200 

Have. 

32  147 

Just-                                            52  149 

He. 

32  148 

K 

lleaven,-ly. 

34  I9:i 

Knew,  known.                         52151 

Hereditary  ,-ly,-ment. 

16240  Know,  knows.                            52  15l) 

Hieroglyph,  -ic,-ical,  &c. 

56250  lvnovving,-ly,  knowledge.       54201 

His  Honor. 

77615 

L 

History,  historic.-al. 

58  300 

Languid,-ly,  languidness.      |56254 

Holy,  holily,  holiness. 

54199 

Large,-ly,-est,-ness. 

64455 

Horticulture,-al,-ist. 

58301 

Learned  counsel. 

78621 

Hour,  hours,  hourly. 

53191 

Legislate,  -ing,  legislative. 

6035G 

Hypochondria,  &c. 

60351 

Legitimacy,  legitimate. 

62407 

Hypocrisy,  hypocrite. 

60352 

Like,  likes. 

52  152 

Hypothecate,-d,-ing,  &c. 

62  402 

Literary,  literature. 

58305 

Hypothetic,-al,  &c. 

62403 

Lord,  Lord's. 

51  138 

r. 

53181 

Loose,-d,-ing. 

63  442 

KEY  TO  WORD  SIGXS,  &C- 


Love,-d,-iug,-ly. 

M 

Malevolence,  malevolent. 
Manslaughter. 
May. 

May  it  please  the  Court. 
Me. 

Mediocre,  mediocrity. 
Measure  ,-d,-ing,-ment. 
Metaphor,-ic,-ical. 
Meteorology,  &c. 
Might,-ily,  mightiest. 
Miscellany,-ous. 
Moreover. 
Motion  by. 
Motion  denied. 
Motion  granted. 
Motion  rule. 
Much. 

N 

Namely,  viz. 
Natural,-ly,-ization 
No. 

Nobody. 
Nolle  prosequi. 
Nothing. 

Notify  ,-ing,-cation. 
Nourish,-ing,-ment. 
Noxious,-ly,-ness. 
Nutriment,  nutrition. 

O 

0,  oh,  owe. 
Obedience,  obedient. 
Objeet.-ing,  objection,  &c. 
Oblige,  obligate,  &c. 
Obsequious,-ly,-ness. 
Obstruct,-ing,-tion. 
O'clock. 

Oderous,  Odiferous. 
Of. 

Off,  oft,  often. 
Officially,  officiate. 
On. 

One,  ones,  once. 
One  after  another. 
Only. 

Ooze,-d,-ing. 
Opinion,-;ited. 


,5420301-. 

jiOrient,-al,-alism. 
56^255  Origin,-al,-ality. 

76591  Other,  (others),  otherwise. 
52;153  Our,  ours,  ourselves. 
78618(jOuter,  outermost,-ward. 
52ll63:jOutlaw.-ed,-ing,-ry. 
77!604'|0utrage,-ing,-ous. 
64458'<0ver,  o'er. 

60i357  Owe,  owing. 
J24U*  P 

54204  Panegyric,  panegyrize. 
58306  Patriot,-ic,-ical. 

76592  Peace,-able,-fu),  &c. 
781630  Period ,-ic  -leal. 


78631 
78!632 


Perpetuate,-ing,-tion. 
Pleasure,-able,  &c. 


78l633!lPoison,-ing,-ous. 
53,168  !Pouch,-ed,-ing. 
Praise,  pray,  &c. 


64451 
34205 
~t~  154  Proportion,  able,-ate. 


Prisoner  at  the  Bar. 
Proof,  prove ,-ing. 


76  574 
78'629 
76  574 
58|307 
o6.256jQualify, -able, -ing,  &c. 


Proud, -ly,-er,-est. 
Prowl,-s,-ed.-ing. 

Q 

Quatlruple,-ed,  ing. 


60358 
1,409 


Quantity. 


Quarrel,-ing,-some. 
|Question,-able,-ing. 
53  185  Quiescc,  quiescent. 

1  3^9  Quiet,-ly  -ness. 
57288  R 

59239  Rational ,-ly,-ity. 
31  390  Reciprocal,-ly,  reciprocity. 
)3J441  Recover,-ed,-ing,-y . 
64] 462  Reiterate,-ing,-tion. 
63450  Residual,  residuary. 
52 144|]Ritual,-ism,-ist. 
531861  S 

55237  Sacriftce,-d,-ing. 
52154  Sacrilege,  sacrilegious. 
54449  Shabby ,-ly,  shabbiness. 
75  554  Shagged,-ness. 
53J185  Shall,  shall. 
55239-Shelf,  shelving. 
59;338  .Sheriff,  sheriffalty. 


52157 
56236 
57287 
53188 
03192 
57293 
55242 
55243 
75  555 
53185 

56257 
58308 
54206 
60359 
62410 
64459 
57'286 
7612 
52155 
78|624 
63,443 
771596 
61396 
63446 

60360 
56258 
52156 
S2411 

4207 
58309 

2156 

4208 
6259 
'5571 
58,310 
30,361 
82.412 

8311 
6260 
7371 
7:272 
3,169 
9322 
55220 


KEY  TO  WORD  SIGXS,  &C- 


Should,  shouldst. 

53  170  Universe,-al,-ally.                    55  240 

Shred,  shredding. 

59323  Up,  upon.                                  53190 

Shrewd,-ly,-ness. 

61373  Upright,-ly,-ness.                     55241 

Shrive,-d  ,-ing. 

61374  Upward. 

53190 

Shrievalty. 

55  221  Urgency,  urgent. 

63445 

Shrinkage. 

55221  Us. 

52  158 

Shroud,-ed,-5ng. 

63417  Usual  ,-ly,  -ness. 

53  189 

Shrub,  shrubbery. 

63  424  Usurp,-ing,-ation. 

'33444 

Shrugged,  shrugging. 

63425                          V 

| 

Slouch  ,-ed  ,-ing. 

77613  Vacillate,-ing,-tion. 

5">  2  62 

Somebody,  something. 

76575  Valiant.-ly.-ness. 

55313 

Spirit,-fcd,  spiritual. 

54209  Valid,  -ly,  validity. 

54211 

Subpcena,-ed,-ing. 

7-  025  Vehemence,  vehement. 

58  314 

Substantiate,  <fcc. 

60362  Versatile,  Tersatility. 

56263 

Such. 

53168  Verv,  verilv. 

52  160 

Sureties. 

73626  Via.' 

S  urround  ,-ed  ,-ing. 

75572  Virtue,  virtuous,  etc.               52161 

Susceptible,  «tc. 

32413  Vitiate,  ing,-tion. 

54  212 

T 

Vituperate,  Arc. 

02415 

Tacit,-ly,  taciturn. 

56261  Vivid,-ly.-ness. 

02416 

Terrestrial  ,-ly. 

5*312  Vouch,  ed,-ing,-er. 

00364 

Territory,  territorial. 

60363  Vouchsafe,-d,-ing. 

60365 

Testify  ,-ing,  testimony. 

54210                        W 

1 

'1  hank,-ing,-ful,-ness. 

55222  \Valk,-ed,-ing,-able. 

55  315 

That. 

53171  Warrant,-able,-ing. 

60366 

The. 

52  159  Was. 

52  162 

The  Court. 

78617  Watch,  -ing,-ful. 

60367 

Theatre,  theatric,  -al. 

57273  We,  were. 

52  163 

Thee,  they. 

53171  We're. 

79636 

Theism. 

59324  Wealth.  -y,  wealthiness. 

56264 

Theoretic,-al,-ally. 

31375  Weary,  -ly,  -ness. 

56265 

Theory,  theorize. 

61375  \Vharf,  -age. 

61376 

They're. 

79636  Which. 

53172 

Thorough  ,-ly,  -ness  . 
Through. 

63426  While,  whilst. 
76575  Whimsey,  whimsical. 

53223 
57273 

Throughout 

76576  Whiue,-d,-ing. 

59325 

To. 

52  159  Whirl,  -ed,-ing. 

63427 

Treachery,  treacherous. 

62414  Who,  whom,  whose. 

53187 

u 

Whomsoever,  whosoever. 

55238 

Ubiquity,  ubiquitous. 
Ulcerate.  -ing,  tion. 

51  291  Why. 
57  292  \\  icked,-lv,-ness. 

53  172 
62417 

Ultimate,-d,-ly,-infi:. 

59M3  Will. 

52162 

Ultimatum. 

59343  With. 

52162 

Ultra,-ism,-ist. 

61394  Withdrawal. 

77601 

Unanimou3,-ly,  &c. 

59342  Withdrawn,  withdrew. 

77602 

Under,  underneath. 

75556  Within. 

77  599 

Unequal,  unequally. 
Unison,  ance. 

77595  Without. 
61,393,  Wonder,-ing,-ful. 

77600 
62;418 

KEY  TO  WORD  SIGtfS,  &C. 


Workman,-like,-ship. 

54 

213 

Yield,  -ing,  &c. 

58 

319 

World,-ly,-liness. 

70 

579 

You,  your,  yours. 

52 

166 

Worship,-ing,-ful. 

54 

214 

Young,-est,-isu. 

54 

217 

Worthy,-ly,  &c. 

58 

316 

You're. 

79 

63ft 

Would. 

52 

163 

Youth  ,-ful  ,-f  ulness  . 

02 

431 

Y 

Z 

Ye. 

52 

166 

Zeal,  zealous,-ly. 

52 

167 

Year,  yearly,  &c. 

GO 

370 

Zemindar,  -y. 

02 

422 

Yeoman,  yoemanry. 

50 

268 

Zinc,  zincous. 

00 

371 

Yesterday. 

64 

463 

Zodiac,-al. 

54 

218 

Yesterday  afternoon. 

04 

466 

Zoography,  &c. 

50 

269 

Yesterday  morning. 

04 

464 

Zoology,  &c. 

58 

320 

Yesterday  noon. 

(54 

465 

INDEX. 

Page. 

Title  Page,  1 

Dedication  to  Julius  Ensign  Rockwell,  Esq.,  -        3 

Introduction  or  Preface,  5 

Henry  J.  Lewis,  of  London,  on  dotting  for  Vowels,  7 
A.  H.  Thompson  and  M.  Levy,  London,  on  Pitman's  Phonography,  9 

Mr.  Thomas  Andei son  on  Essentials  of  a  good  system,  -       10 
Mr.  Thomas  Anderson  on  blunders  made  by  omission  of  Vowels,     10 

Mr.  Geo.  R.  Bishop,  of  New  York,  on  Vowel  representation,  13 

The  beauties  of  dotting  for  Vowels  illustrated,  15 
The  Author's  method  of  expressing  the  Vowels  and  Diphthongs,     20 

1'he  Author's  abilities  as  a  Reporter  acknowledged,  -  -      21 

Testimonials,                                   -                  -  22 

Opinions  on  the  Utility  of  Short-Hand,  -      29 

"  What  application  will  do,"  30 

The  advantages  of  having  a  Teacher,     -  31 

Hints  to  the  Learner,  33 

Materials  for  Writing,  -      33 

About  learning  the  Consonants,    -  34 

How  the  Consonants  are  represented,     -  -      35 

Directions  for  joining  the  Consonants,  36 

Mode  of  Spelling,  -      36 

Exposition  of  the  Consonants,       -  38 

Exposition  of  the  Double  Consonants,    -                  -  -      45 

Exposition  of  the  Vowels  and  Diphthongg,     -  46 

Application  of  the  Characters  when  written  singly,  -      49 

Proper  Names  to  be  distinguished,  51 


92 

Marks  of  Punctuation,  &c.,  51 

Words  expressed  hy  the  Alphabetical  Signs,  -      52 

Supplementary  Word  Signs,  64 

Repetition  of  Words,  &c.,  How  they  are  expressed,  -      65 

Words  of  Contrary  Signification,  65 

Negative  Particles,  Dis,  II,  Im,  In,  Ir,  Un,  <&c.,  -                          66 

Prefixes  Circum,  Over  and  Under,  66- 

Suffixes  expressed  by  Arbitrary  Signs,  -  -      67 

Suffixes  ing,  ingly,  ingness,  67 

Suffixes  ceam,  don,  sion,  tion,  ccous,  tious,  -      67 

Suffixes  cision,  sician.  sition,  &c.,  —  67 

Suffixes  self,  selves,  ship  and  ships,  -      68 

Suffixes  lessly,  lessness,  liness,  68 

Suffixes  ly  and  less,  68 

Suffixes  sier,  sier,  sure,  zure,  68 

Suffixes  date,  tiate,  &c.,        -  -      68 

Suffixes  tual,  tuate,  tune,  ture,  teous,  tuous,  &c.,  69 

Alphabetical  Characters  used  as  Prefixes  and  Suffixes,  -      69 

List  of  Prefixes  expressed  by  Alphabetical  Signs,  72 

List  of  Suffixes  expressed  by  Alphabetical  Signs,  -                          73 

Words  expressed  Dy  their  respective  Leading  Sounds,      -  74 

About  Arbitrary  and  Suggestive  AVord  Signs,  -      74 

List  of  Arbitrary  and  Suggestive  Word  Signs, 

Legal  Terms  and  Expressions — How  expressed,  -                  -      78 

Words  that  may  be  Joined,  79 

Poetical  Abbreviations,  -      79 

Titles  or  Captions  to  be  written  plain, 

Emphasized  Words — Iio\v  distinguished,  -                   -      79 

Numerals, 

Abbreviations  used  in  Writing  and  Printing,  -      80 

Quotations  from  the  Latin,  French  and  Italian,  80 

General  Remarks  to  the  Learner,  -      81 

Translation  of  Specimen  1, 

"A  Son's  Farewell  to  his  Mother,"  &c.,  Specimen  I, 

Translation  of  Specimen  2, 

"  A  Mother's  Love,"  Specimen  2,  - 

Key  to  words  expressed  by  Special  Signs,       -  8G 


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